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RtGI STCRCD

t.'O THAPE MARK

ABERRATIONAL

AND

SUBSPECIFIC FORMS OF BRITISH

LEPIDOPTERA

'A

A. L GOODSON & D„ K. READ.

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FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

Volume '2

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Rhopalocera 1 Part 2

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i

E. aurlnla Rott., aberrational forms, etc

INDEX

acedia Frtlhst.	1.	hibemica Birch.	1.	rectlangula Cab.	3.
albofasclata Froh.	3.	horvathl Algn, (see M.	clnxia)6.
alfacaria Rlbbe,	2.
anglicana Fr&hst.	1.			scotica Kane.	6.
arcuata Car,	7.	impunctata Schultz.	4.	scot tea Robs.	1.
arterais Fabr,	2.	Impunctata Vorbr.	4.	sebaldus Schultz.	8.
artemis Schlff,	2.	lnfrafasclata Hftrh.	8.	semlfuscata Cab.	2.
atricolor Schultz.	5.	infraflava Vty.	7.	semlgrac liens Cab.	2.
		inframaculata Vty.	7.	semigriseis Cab.	3.
		infra ochre a Vty.	7.	sesostris Schultz.	7.
basiconfluens Lpke.	7.	infrarectiangula Car.	3.	sesquiargentea Vty.	3.
brunnea Tutt.	2.	lnsterburgla Braun.	4.	signifera Kane.	4.
				splendida Mauny.	2.
				sterlineata Trti.	3.
Catherine I Le Chas.	5.	leucophana Cab.	3.	subtus-nlgrescens Car.	8.
commacula Car,	7.	ligata Car.	7.	suffusa Froh.	5.

deficiens Cab.	4.	melanoleuca Cab.	5-6.	tetramelana Cab.	7.
demaculata Bubac.	4 & 7.	minima Gian.	6.	transversa Cab.	5.
demarginata Car.	7.	minor Vorbr.	6.	turbida Gel. & Luc.
denlgrata Trti.	2.	rnorena Ribbe.	5.
diluta Heinr.	3.
dubia Krul.	4.			uni fa sc lata Car.	8.
		nemurcensis Lamb.	2.
		nana Rehf.	6.
epimolpadia Rev.	5.	nigrolimbata Schultz.	4.	virgata Tutt.	3.
		nigrolunulata Fern.		volhynica Ksien.
		nigromaculata Lpke.	6.
flavofasclata Hacfcr.	3.	nigropunctata Car.	7.
fulvacea Cab.	2.
		obscurata Krul.	5.
geminifasciata Der.	4.	ocellata Car.	7.
grac liens Der.	2.	ochrea Tutt.	3.

pauper Car, 7.

perianthes Cab, 4.

praeclara Kane, 3.

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1. Eupfeydryas Seudder.

aurinia Rottaenburg. Naturf . 177% % P. 3®

Typical form - wings fawn with three fasciae of yellow, spots.

aberrational forms etc.

aurinia

3ub3p. anglicana Pruhstorf er. Arch. Naturg. 19l6. 82. h2.p. 6.

According to the author the subspecies in England. It does not appear constant. The author only separates it from the Irish subsp.hibernica from which it i3 of course different. Differs from the Irish race by the black banding of the fore¬ wings and the small interneural spots of the hind wings , and the whitish-yellow spots seen in hibernica are replaced by dull ochre-yellow, its appearance being less gay.

aurinia

acedia Pruhstorf er. Arch. Naturg. 191b. 82. a2.p. 7- According to the author the subsp. from ’-Vales. It is in no way constant and cannot be separated from English populations. Fruhs torf er 3a J3 it is distinguished by the large and regular spots of the 3ubraedian row not being surrounded by black tran3cellular bands. In the female the light field of the forewings seems more extensive, and the black and reddish-brown portions are missing;

aurinia

scotica Robson. Young. Nat. 1880. 2. p. 37*

Robson says of the Scottish specimens -smaller , scarcely so densely scaled, the black parts duller- but apparently,lilce Pruhstorf er, he was merely distinguishing thorn from the Irish hibernica.

I do not think that Scottish specimens require a subspecific name, most cannot be separated from English, there being no constant character.

aurinia

subsp. hibernica Birchall. Ent. Non. Hag. 1873® 10. p. 13%

The subspecies from Ireland. Birchall says "In the Irish race the fulvous snots of the upper side are largely replaced by white or cream blotches, larger than English specimens.

This race is certainly different from other British populations, the main character being the whitish spotting.

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aurinia Rott,

continued.

ab. artemis Schiffermuller. Wien. gyst.Verz.i775. p.322.

= artemis Fabricius. Mantissa Ins.l787.2.p.6l.

The description given by Schiffermuller is of little U3e but Fabricius, citing Schiff 's description and presumably describing the same form, gives a better one. Schiffermuller merely says - chequered butterfly, orange-yellow, simple spotted. Fabricius gives - fulvous varied v/ith black, hindwings on both upper and underside with a row of black points.

The form therefore is fulvous without the yellow spot3 of the typical form. Several aberrations have been described which are actually the same a3 this form but they are given as having more complete descriptions.

ab.fulvacea Cabeau. Rev. Mens. Soc.Ent. Mam.1911. ll.p.78»

The ground colour paler fawn than the following namurcensi3 Lamb, and the black marginal border narrower. The transverse band of yellow spots in idle disc and at the margins comoletely absent.

Probably synonymous with artemis Schiff. the preceding,but may be paler ground, it is included because it is doubtful what Fabricius meant exactly by "fulvous".

ab.brunnea Tutt. Brit. Butts. I896. p. 31b.

Also probably the same as artemis Schiff. The ground colour tawny, no red or straw- coloured markings,the colour resembling M. cinxia.

ab. namurcensis Lambillion. Rev. Mens. Soc.Ent. Nam. 1909* P. 21.

The ground colour reddish-fulvous with, a complete absence of the yellowish spots of the typical form on all wings. The black border i3 double the width of the fringe,the hindwings even more broadly bordered, this border forming undulations marking the position of the normal white marginal spots which are obliterated, the lines deep black as in M.maturna.

ab. semif U3cata Cabeau. Rev. Mens. Soc. Ent. Mam. 1919* 19.P. 6l.

The upperaide of the fbrewings covered with strong brownish so that the yellow spots are absent and most of the markings confused. The hindwings normal.

ab. denigrata Turati. Mat. Sic. 1919. 2 3* p. 222. pi. 2. . f . 3.

= gracilens Derenne. Lamb. 1927.27.P.10.

Upnerside of all wings fulvous, -the pattern scarcely visible, the normal black bands represented only by an intensification of the scaling.

gracilens would appear to be the same form, the forewings uniformly fulvous, the lines very thin or obliterated.

ab. semigracilens Cabeau. Lamb. 1931. 31.p. 199. pi. 12. f . 8.

The forewing3 uniformly fulvous with the lines very thin or obliterated. The hindwings however greyish-black with some fulvous markings more or less well develooed.

ab. splendida Hauny. Lamb , 194-9. 49. p. 10 5 .

Male v/ith the forewings pure rose-pink, all the usual black and yellow spots having disappeared. Hie black spot3 are replaced by 3pots of bright red-currant colour. The patterning of the forewings i3 almost extinct and the scaling very poor. 'The hindwings are normally scaled on a rose-pink ground colour and all the patterning i3 in red-currant colour, the rows of submarginal spots are present but instead of blaok are a fine metallic blue colour. Body,legs and antennae are white.

0

3.

auriniu Rott. continued.

ab.leucophana Cabeau. Lamb. 1928. 28. p. 78.

The ground colour of the forewings is white, slightly yellow, the pattern normal, the hindwings are of normal colour.

ab. semigriseis Cabeau. Lamb. 1931. 31-P- 3*

The upper side of the hindwings is pale ana washed-out, the normal pattern is grey and the antemarginal band , normally red, is yellow. The for wings are quite normal and form a striking contrast to the pale hindwings.

ab. diluta Heinrich. Dtsch. Hint. Z. I923. Beitr . p. 48.

The black transverse lines of the forewings very narrow, partly effaced, and the shading on the inner margin also effaced.

ab. 863 quiar gentea V er ity. Farf . Diurn. It. 1950. 4. p. 72.

Albino. The fulvous colour is normal but the black patterning replaced by silvery whitish.

This was described but not named by Oberthur in Leo. Comp. 3.P.23I.

ab. ochrea Tutt. Brit. Butts. I896. p.318.

All the pale markings of the forewings uniformly ochreou3 without & trace of red. Putt presumably means the yellow 3pot3 by "pale markings".

ab.praeclara Kane. Sntom. 1893. 26. p.158.

Tie upperside showing the red bands and central straw-coloured spots very vivid and the black reticulation darker than in the type form, defining the coloured parts sharply. The red bands are brilliant terra-cotta.

The name covers extremely brightly coloured and contrasting examples, see figures in Hubner Samml. Fur. Schmett. 1. figs. 4,5 and 6. It is not a name for Irish examples only,3ince Kane gives English localities as well as Irish for the form.

ab. rectiangula Cabeau. Rev. Mens. Soc. Ent. Earn. 1924. 24. p. 17. (fig; Lamb. 31. pi. 12. f. 5 ) On the upperside of the forewings there is a large whitish-yellow rectangular blotch in the centre of the inner margin, caused by the union of two yellow spots.

ab. infrarectiangula Caruel. Lamb. 1939. 39. p. 46.Pl.4.f. 1.

On the upperside of the hindwings there i3 a rectangular yellow spot situated near the anal angle on the inner raargin,formed by the union of a yellow basal spot with the opposite spot of the median row.

ab.virgata Tutt. Brit. Butts. I896. p.318.

= sterlineata Turati. Hat. Sic. 1919. 23. p.221. pi. 2. f. 2.

= ,f lav of asciata Hackray. Lamb. 1934. 34. p. 126. ( fig. Lamb. 33. pi. 5. f*.2. i = albof asciata Frohawk. Vara. Brit. Butts. 1938. p. 75* ?1. 17* ^ • 1*

On the upperside of the forewings the stra-v coloured band is normally divided at its upper part by a thin black streak. In virgat*. this is absent, resulting in one broad, conspicuous, yellowish median band.

The figures of the synonymous forms show broad median bands of varying widths, Frohawk gives his form the misleading name of albof asciata, the band is not white in the type specimen, which we possess.

Cl

4,

aurinia Sott,

continued

ab. dubia Krulikowsky. Bull. 3oc. Nat. Mo sc. 1890. 4. p. 234. pi. 4. f . 1.

The hindwinga on the upper 3ide show a series of fulvous ocelli with black pupils, in place of the normal fulvous band.

The figure shows these ocelli to be the remains of the normal fulvous marginal band with its 3mall black points, which is reduced to a series of round fulvous 3pots through the veins being heavily dusted with black and cutting the band into sections, the little black points being in their normal place.

There seems to be some confusion among authors regarding this form, some referring it to examples which show black points in the yellow spots of the median row as figured in Lamb. 31. pi. 12. f. 2.. Thi3 is not correct as Kfulikowsky ' s figure shows, it is the reddish-yellow marginal band which is affected.

ab. demacula ta Bubacek. Verh. zool. -bot. Ges. Wien. 1923. 73. p. (24).

On the hindwings upper side the median band i3 reduced to spots. On the underside the basal spots are absent.

For the latter character only, see the underside form sesostris Schulte.

ab. gaminif asciata Derenne. Lamb ,1927* 27. P» 11.

On the upperside of the hindwings the normal yellow fascia is bordered with black and an extra* band of les3 clear yellow external to this which reaches the submarginal row of black points, so that there remains only half the width of the normal fulvous band.

ab.deficiens Cabeau. Lamb. 1928.28. p. 11. (fig. Lamb. 31.pl. 6. f. 6)

On the upperside of the hindwings the median black distal line,which borders externally the median fascia of yellow spots, is obliterated. The basal region and narrow marginal border leave a large fulvous area only marked by five subraargi ginal spots. On the forewings the markings are thin and indistinct.

ab. impunctata Schulte. Ent. Z. 1906.19. p.203.

= irapunctata Vorbrodt. Iri3.l928. 42.p.p. 20.

The little black points in the fulvous subraarginal band of the hindwings are absent. These are absent also on the underside.

Vorbrodt gave the same description but does not mention the underside.

ab. nigr olimbata Schultz. Ent. Z. 190o. 19. p. 203. fig.

A wider marginal border to all wings, therefore the small light spots, normally seen between the fulvous band and the narrow dark border, are indistinct.

The figure 3how a black marginal border to all wings with only a trace of the white 3pots which normally lie internal to a narrow black border.

ab. perianthes Cabeau. Lamb. 1926. 2b. p. 74.

Upperside of hindwings with a border of deep black with large white points.

ab.insterburgia Braun. Ent. Hundsch. 1937. 54. p.556. fig.

Upperside of the hind wings , instead of the usual fulvous 3ubmar ginal hand, shows a dark blaeld.3h-brown band in which the little black spots are ringed with fulvous. The figure shows a very dark band in place of the usual yellowish-brown one.

ab. 3ignifara Kane. Entom. 1893.26. p. 138.

On the upperside of the hindwings the upper half of the fulvous 3ubmar ginal band i3 prolonged inwards invading the central series of yellow spots ana colouring the oostal half of the normally black basal area. On the forewings the cellule is isolated by broad black edging from the rest of the wing, a trait seen to a lesser degree in the basal blotches below the median vein, the two areas looking like the fore and hindwings of a " Tinea e".

This form, described from Penarth, Vales, is not racial but an aberration.

t* or

p. aurinia Rott. continued.

ab.raorena Ribbe. Iris.1910. 23. p. 132.

The yellowish bands of the upporside of the f or ©wings are replaced by black, totally or almost so.

ab. transversa Gabeau. Lamb. 1928. 28.p. 11. (fig. Lamb. 31* pi. 6. f . 1. )

The upperside of the forewings cut by a broad black fascia, in the median area. The figure shows this band on the inner side of the main row of yellow spot3, continuous from costa to inner margin.

ab. suffusa Prohawk. Vars. Brit. Butt3.1938.p. 75. pi. 17.f*3.

Pore and hindwings divided by a thin yellow median transverse line which separates, two contrasting colours of black and rad. Jhe basal half is suffused blackish, the outer half reddish or o r ange -b r own , with the markings more or less normal. In the dark basal half there are faint indications of yellow spots near the co3ta.

ab. epiaolpadia Reverdin. Bull. 3oc. Lep. Gen. 1919* 4. p. 108. pi. 4. f . 4.

Pore and hindwings on the upperside strongly dusted with black except for a narrow transverse band of orange in the submarginal area. The margins have a broad black border. In the darkened parts of the v/ings the normal pattern is only just discernible but on the forewings there are two orange-brown 3pots near the costa and on the hindwings traces of orange-brown showing through the black.

See sketch at end of these notes.

ab. atr icolor Schultz. Sint. 4. 1906. 19. p. 205.

.'ill 'wings on the upperside covered with a dusting of black scales, On the forewings there are a few rufous spots showing near the costa and on the hindwings a red submarginal band with its row of lttle black points, otherwise the wings are black.

ab. Catherine! Le Charles, Amat. Pap. 1924, 2. p. 88. Extra pl.f.p.

An extreme aberration of the markings difficult to describe, see Figure in colour. On the upperside of the forewings the inner half of the wings black, with two red stripes or spots on the costa. The outer half shows a wide fascia of reddish-brown in the centre of which is a 3uf fused transverse row of yellow spots, and external to this a wide black border on the margin, with a row of lighter spot3 on its extrme edge, these light 3pots normally are inside it. Hindwings with the basal half more or less normal but the rest of the wings black with a lighter , greyish, submarginal band in which are some whitish spots in place of the normal little black points. The underside shows the inner half offore and hindwings reddish- brown, the outer half white or cream with a submarginal line.

See figure at end of these notes.

ab. ob3 curata Krulikowsky. Bull. Soc. Hat. Hose. 1890. 4. p. 235. pi. 8. f . c.

The latin description merely says raelahic form with wings reticulated with fulvous The figure however shows the forewings black from base to the central band of yellow spots, with obscured traces of red spots on the costa, the yellow band being suffused with blackish. The hindwings are similar, the basal half black as far as 1 the yellow median 3pots which, like the forewings,are suffused, three small red 3pots show in the black area, the outer half more or less normal.

The chief character would appear to be the blaok basal half of the wings contrast¬ ing with the more or less normal outer half.

ab. melanoleuca Gabeau. Lamb. 1932. 32. p. l*o, pi. 4. f . 1.

The disc of the forewings upperside invaded by black, leaving only two reddish spol in the cell. The black diminishes towards the margin V7here the terminal band is yellowish-fulvous, not reddish, forming a contrast.

description continued next page.

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aurinia Rott,

continued.

ab.melanoleuca Cabaau (continued. )

The hindwings black from the baas, this gradually diminishes towards the margin only a slight elongated reddish 3pot showing in this black area. The terminal °band even less marked than on the forewings, clear pale yellow divided by the blaiek veins, the normal black spots showing up on the nale yellow.

See sketch at end of these notes, underside not figured. The underside of forewing.' i light fawn, the terminal band yellowish. The hindwings basal part light fawn, the outer part greyish. The markings of all four wings reduced to mere traces.

ab.horvathi signer, (figured as an aberration of aurinia in error. Lamb. 1939.nl. 4.f^;| This form does not belong to aurinia but to M. cinxia. The figure in Lambillionea i3 obviously a cinxia and the refernce given is also wrong*, ab. horvathi being in the, Ent. Z. 19. P. 208 . , not Int. Ent. Z.

ab. minima Gianelli. Ann. Acc. Agric. Torino. I89O, 33. P. 19. =nana Sehfous. Cat. Shop. Gen. 1910.p. 12.

= minor Vorbrodt. Mitt. Schweiz Ent. Ges. .9. 7.12.p. 435. Very small examples.

ab. scotica Kane, ( nec Hobson ] . Entora. 1893. 26. p. 18 7.

This is not the scotica of Hobson although Kane apparently U3ed it because Hobson had done so earlier. He says that Hobson U3ed it under the impression that Birchall had given it to the Scottish race. Kane apparently had not seen Hobson’s description in the Young Nat. since he describes a quite different form under the same name here, it i3 not a race but an aberration.

The black areas increased and intense, filling up the basal areas of all wings as far as the discoidal patch on the forewings and to the pale median row of spots on the hindwings , the pale discoidal spot usually being retained and some traces of fulvous on the costa. The outer half of the forewings has the black invading th^ coloured patches, obi iterating some and reducing the size of the re3t,the straw- coloured patches duller.

Kane’s name, under the new rules placing aberrations in a separate class, can still I stand a3 an aberration, distinct from subsp. scotica Hobson.lt must be an extremely dark form and certainly not confined to Scotland since after giving Aberdeenshire) as the locality then mentions several localities in Ireland and one from Lancashire, it is rather puzzling as to why he thought it was Hobson’s scotica.

ab. nigroraaculata Lempke. Ti jdschr. Ent. 1936. 98. p. 337.

On the upperside of the hindwings the yellowish central band is spotted with black.

This form is figured in Lamb. 3i.pl. 12. f. 2 as dubia Krul. This is quite wrong, see description of dubia on p.4 of these notes.

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aurinia fiott. continued.

underside forms.

ab. inf raochrea V erity. Farf. Diurn. It. 1950.4. p. ~]lm

Underside of hindwings dusted uniformly with oclireou3, nearly always associated with a light upperside.

ab. inf raf lava Verity. Farf . Diurn. It. 1950. 4. p. 71.

Underside of the hindwings dusted uniformly with yellow, nearly always associated with a light upper side.

4b. basiconfluens Lempke. Tijdschr.Ent. 195&. 98.p. 337»

On the underside of the hindwing3 all basal spots coalesce into one large spot which i3 separated by a narrow brown band from the yellow central band, except at the inner margin where the yellow areas are connected.

ab. inframaculata Lempke. Tijdschr. dint. 195&. 98. p. 337*

On the underside of the hindwing3 there are large black spots in the yellow central band.

ab. tetraraelana Cabeau. Lamb. 1931. 31.p»17^»

= nigropunctata Caruel. Misc. Ent. 1944. 41. p. 8.

On the underside of the hindwings the basal area carries four black spots in placd of the normal pals ones.

Caruel 1 s nigropunctata has the light basal spaces black rather than yellow or fulvou3,It may apply to one, several, or all. (description froijt Verity Farf. Diurn. ii

ab. sesostris Schultz. Bnt. Z.1900. 19.p.206. fig.

= danaculata Bubacek. (in parti. Verh. 200I. -bot. Gres. Wien.

= pauper Caruel. Misc.Bnt. 1944. 41. p. 8.

On the underside of the hindwings the basal area is uniformly rust-red, with no spots or very small ones.

ab. ocellata Caruel. Misc. Bnt. 1944. 41. p. 10. pl» 1. f . 4. *

On the underside of the hindwings,one,two, three or all the light coloured basal spots are ocellated,i. e.with a black point in the centre.

ab. ligata Caruel. Misc. Ent. 1944. 41. p. 8.

On the underside of the hindwings the central basal 3pot,the 2nd. from the bottom, is united with the light spot inside, and at the end of, the disco idal cell.

ab. cornmacuia Caruel. Misc. Ent. 1944. 41. p. 8.

On the underside of the hindwings one of the light coloured basal spots is united with the central light band by a black-edged yellow stripe.

ab. ar cuata Caruel. Misc. Ent. 1944. 41. p, 9.

On the underside of the hindwings the inner marginal light-colour ad streak is changed into a series of pointed lobes, their points directed towards the base.

ab. demarginata Caruel. Misc, Bnt. 1944. 41. p. 8.

On the underside of the hindwings the light-coloured streak along the inner margin is absent.

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aurinia aberrational- forms . Sketches .

<S !jt*ne7 jidd/* th\ t

cu.-i

r

alba Rehf. aphaea Htlbn, asterlades de Selys. U,

aterrlmevlttata Vty. 3.

atrovlttata Trtl. 3

basal Is Tutt. 1 berisallf ^ormls V ty . 5< blfasclata Rev. 3,

brltanna vty. 1

caucasica Rtthl. 3<

charlotta Rbl. 5«

clnrvamonea Vorbr.aMllrRtz. 7< comraacula Car. 6,

corythallla HUbn. 2,

cslkll Algn. 6,

cymathofi Bert. U,

demarginata Car. 7<

dorfmeisterl Hellw. h,

eos Haw. 2,

evlttata Vty. 5<

fasclata Vorbr. 3.

fennica Reut. 7.

flavoelongata Car. 7.

aberrational forms, etc.

INDEX

hertha Quens. 6.

hlsopa de Selys. 7.

Ulyrica Staud. 2.

lndlgua Cab. 2.

interllgata Der. 3.

jelinekl Joukl. U.

latonlgena Spul. 1.

leuclppe Schneld. 3.

leuclppe Tutt. 1.

leucophana Cab. 1.

leucophryne (Schaw. ) Gaede. 5. llgata Car. 6.

mire fasclata Cab. 3.

mol pad la Varin. 2.

navarina de Selys. I*, nlgrathalia Johnst. U. nlgriornea Lpke. 7. nlgromarglnata Lpke. 5. nigropunetata Car. 6.

obsoleta Tutt. 2.

parnasslotropa Bryk. 2.

permlxta Staud. 1.

phyclodina Horm. 5.

post fuscofasc lata Goods. 7. progressiva Kslen. pseudaurella Ebert. 7.

pseudodlctynna Staud. 4.

punctlfera Vty. 5.

pyronia Htlbn, 2.

rad lata Elsn. 2.

rhodoleuca Staud. 1.

samonlca Reis. 2. semi rad lata Trtl. 7. sicula Trtl.

sohana Cab. 6. spadana Cab. 6. subtusnlgrescens §ar. 6,

tectensls Cab. 4. tessellata Steph. 6. transversa Tutt. 3. tricolor Horn. 1.

uni fasclata Car. 7.

M. athalla Rott.,

1

4

vlrgata Tutt

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l£elitaea Fabricius

athalia Rottemburg. Naturf . 1775* p. 5.

/&'

Aberrational forms etc.

athalia

subsp. britanna V erity. Boll. Soc. Snt. It. 1913. 45. P» 21 0.

The bands wida*,more diffused and deep black. See description for further details, ab. alba Hehf ou3. Bull. Soc. Lop. Sen. 1908. l.p. 262. pi. 8. f . 5.

Tiie ground colour of the upperside pure white with no trace of the normal tint. Underside with a slight trace of fulvous on the veins.

ab. latonigena Spuler. Schmett. Sur. 1901. 1. p. 24.

The ground colour whitish- yellow instead of reddish.

Spuler names this form in athalia when dealing with M. aurelia but stangely enough does not mention it under a. thalia, probably because he dealt with athalia first.

ab . leucophana Cabeau. Rev. Mens. 30c. Snt. Earn. 1912. p. 112. pi. 3. f • 1. Forewings whitish, slightly yellow. Hindwinga normal in colour.

ab. rhodoleuca Stauder. Z. Wiss. Ins. 1914. 10. p. 374.

The parts at the base not fox-red but white yellow. On the forewings this pale colour extends from the base as far as the black central band so that only the two outermost rows of soots remain fox-red. The hindwings are similar.

ab. leucippe Tutt. ( nec, Schneider ) . Snt. Sec. 1898. 10. p. 66. ( nom. pr eoc. Schneider j 99 with yellower ground colour.

Tutt for some reason best ’mown to himself seems to have thought leucippe of Schneider was a pale ground-colour form, despite what he said about it in Brit. Butts. p. 305 , merely that it had the outermost rows of spots of a different colour. The true leucippe Schnaider is the specimen figured in Esper as maturna. See description later in these notQ3.

ab.virgata Tutt. Brit. Butts. I896.P. 30p.

The fulvous spots forming the central band are widened , making a distinct median band of fulvous.

ab, tricolor Hormaaoki V erh. zool. -bot Go 3. Wien. 1897. p. 148.

A form in which the spots are partly orange and partly ochre-yellow, a colour type which appears in other 3pecies of Melitaea. On the forewings tire median row of spots is orange-red with light yellow centres in front of the costa. 'The soots on the outside of the median cell and in the darkened basal half , are also dark r eddish -yellow, but the spots of the basal inner and outer bands are light reddish-yellow. The first part of this description is taken from Hormazuki'3 later article in Verh. zool. -bot. ^s. Wien. 66.p. 407 which appears more simple than the somewhat puzzling original one.

ab. basali3 Tutt. Snt. Rec. 1898. 10. p. 66.

cSd with a tendency to have dark bases to the wings.

ab. permixta Stauder. Snt. Anz. 1922. 2. p. 33.

On the upperside the broad median band and also the marginal "moons" , are very li^it,tho3e of the female bone white.

2.

athalia Rott,

continued,

ab. obsoleta Tutt. Brit. Butts. I896. p. 3 03.

On the upperside a failure, or partial failure, of the transverse lines, the wings in consequence becoming more fulvous.

ab.parnassiotropa Bryk. Ent. Tidskr. 1923.44. p. 110.

On the upperside the subcostal line is entirely reduced, the median very much so, and the submarginal strongly or completely absent.

The same as Tutt's obsoleta but since the individual lines are described it may be kept separate.

ab. indigua Cabeau. Rev. Mens. See. Ent. Nam. 1922. 22. p. 45. (fig, Lamb.3i.pl. 6. f. 2 ) On the upperside of the forewings the submarginal band is effaced and the antemarginal one only feebly marked.

ab. r adiata Eisner. Zool. Meded. 1942. 24. p. 120.

On the upperside the patterning is very faint, the marginal band, the submarglnal band, and the spots in the cell only remaining but broad blaok radiations along the veins are prominent. Hindwings more or less normal but also show this pattern c radiation.

ab. corythallia Hubner. Beitr.1790.2. (2).p. 51.pl#3.f. S a & b. ( corythalia on plate)

= eos Haworth. Lep. Brit. 1803. P. 35*

= samonica Reisen. Stett. Ent. Z. 1891. 32. p. 357*

= molpadia V ar in. Lamb. 1933. 33* P* 6. pi. 2. f . 3**4.

The figure in Hubner shows the forewings fulvous with dark base and black costal spot in the cell. ‘There is a thin postmedian line from costa to inner margin and a black marginal band. The hindwings are all black except for a row of fulvous spots in the subraarginal area. Underside forewings with black fascia.

Haworth'3 eos would appear to be the same form - forewings fulvous with some black markings at the base and a black postmedian line. Hindwings black with a row of spots before the margin. Underside with black fascia on forewings, samonica Reisen has the same description but the underside is normal so could be separated if* desired, but genetically is almost certainly the same form.

Varin's molpadia has the forewings fulvous with blackish base and thin postmedian line from costa to inner margin and the hindwings black with a row of fulvous spots before the margin.

The chief character of this form is the lack of the usual bands of black spots on the for swings, with the exact opposite on the hindwings , which are all black except for the marginal fulvous spots.

ab. pyronia Hubner. Samml. Eur. Schmett.l805.1.pl.ll4-. figs. 383-588.

An extreme form of the preceding corythallia Hbn.which on the upperside of the forewings lacks the postmedian line 3een in corythallia. The figure shows the forewings with dark basal area which encloses two or three spots of fulvous. The rest of the wing has no markings except a thin marginal line with its fulvous lunulas. , the veins slightly dusted with black giving a somewhat rayed effect. Hindwing upperside blackish-brown with some trace of fulvous spots in the basal area and a row of fulvous spots before the margin. Underside of the forewings with the basal half deep black, the outer half fulvous with a thin maginal line. Hindwings underside with deep black median band and black basal spot3 which are confluent and join up with the median band, there is no yellowish-white between theta. The outer part of the wing is mostly yellowish-white through the narrowing of the reddish subraarginal band.

Genetically probably the same as corythallia.

ab. illyrica Stauder. Ent. Z. 1914-. 28. p. 68.

Upperside of forewings like corythallia Hbn. ,^ark only at the base, otherwise without transverse lines except an outer marginal band. Hindwings unix'omly black with a row of spots before the margin. Differs however on the underside of hind- wingSjthe basal half melanic but the whole of the remaining area whitish-yellow with a hardly visible marginal line. Pore-wings almost unicolorously pale brown.

.

3

-ft

ft

.

• - I*

3

athalia Bott,

continued

ab.caucasica Buhl, in Staudinger Gat. Lep. 1871.3d. 2. p. 19, Hindwings almost all black.

The forewings are not mentioned so presumably are normal.

f.2.

ab. leucippe. Schneider. Beitr. Bur. Schmett. I783. 1. p. 209. (fig. Esp. Bur. Schmettl. pi. 30 Name given to the figure in Bsper Bur. Schmett. vol. 1. pi. OCX f.2. which shows the basal half' of the uppers id e of the forewings almost blacked-in.Of the fulvous ground colour there remains two blotches near the costa, which is black, and a thin spot just above the inner margin. The outer half is more or less normal. Hindwings completely black in ‘the basal half, the outer half with the row of red submarginal 3pots large and conspicuous, contrasting with the yellowish marginal and median chains of roots.

There seems a lot of confusion over this f orm. 'Putt in his Brit. Butts. merely stresses the difference in colour of the rows of marginal spots which was probably only enhanced by the artist. Again Putt, in Ent. Bee. 10. p. 66, gives a totally different description form his earlier, one saying that leucippe is the name for females with yellower ground colour. Phis had caused Lempke to make Putt the author of leucippe (neo Schneider ) which cannot stand if Schneider’s leucippe is an athalia. The figure In Bsper appears to be a definite aberration of athalia but there is no mention of it in Seitz and other works.

ab. atr ovittata Purati. Bull Soc. Ent. It. 1910. 42. p. 209.

= fasciata Vorbrodt. Schmett. Schweiz. 1914.2. p. 6fQ.(descrpt. vol.l.p. 4p^)

= mirefasciata Cabeau. Rev, Mens. Soc. Ent. Nam. 1 92 3. 23. p. 5 6. (fig. Lamb. 31.pl. 3.f. 10 ) Forewings upper side with a broad black band replacing the usual ” 3" mark in the median area, standing out from the rest of the markings.

Vorbrodt’ s fasciata had a broad black median band on forewings.

Cabeau’ 3 mirefasciata had the postmedian band broad and distinct dividing the wing into two part3. The figure shews it to be what most authors would call the median band, not the postmedian.

ab. aterrimevittata Verity. Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici. 1920. 14. p. 6l.

Forewings with a black median band so broad that it fills a quarter of the wing, the three thin bands on the outside of it are not fused with it but the nearest one is pushed outvvards towards the margin.

'Phis would 3eem to be more extreme than the preceding banded forms.

ab. bifasciata Beverdin. Bull. Soc. Lep. Gen. 1914. 3. p. 33. pi. 3. f.2.

Forewings upper side with two black bands, a broad one and a somewhat narrower basal one. The broad central oneis caused by the space betf/een the two central costal blotches being filled in and this black continues as a broad band down to the inner margin. The second band is near the base and caused by the blacking-in of the two transverse lines nearest the base. 'The figure shows these band in jet1 black, not just darkish brown as seen in many examples, there is a faint spot of ground colour between the joined-up costal blotches.

ab. interligata Derenne. Lamb. 1926.2b.p. 91.

On the upper side of the forewings the two black spots just above the inner margin in the median area are united into a streak.

Phis form is also found in cinxia and according to the author ,aurinia. Also