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SHEA'S CHARLEVOIX.

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HISTORY

AND

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

OF

NEW FRANCE.

-^-^'^^

THE EEV. P. F. Xr DE CHARLEVOIX. S. J.

TRANSLATED, WITH NOTES, BV JOHN GILMARY SHEA.

IN SIX VOLUMES. VOL. I.

V

NEW YORK: JOHN GILMARY SHEA.

1866.

Entered according to Act of Congress, !n the year 1866,

By JOHN GILMART SHEA,

In tlje Clerk's Office of the District Court of t!ie United States for the Southern

District of Now Yurk.

3i ?]

Freii of Uk^. C- KbuJ A A»ety.

\:^^^^^

TO

HIS SERENE HIGHNESS,

THE DUKE OF PENTHIEVBE.

]€Y LORD:

Your Serene Highness has an hereditary right to the homage of Neza PranoBj a history of whiah I presume to dedioate to you. It is due, my Lord, to the Prinae zoho gave you hirih, for the goodness and marhs of esteem with uihiah he honored this colony during the whole period of his voluntary assumption of that branch of the ministry on whiah the colony depends, and whiah he discharged to the close of his life. He knew, and admitted, that hy the valor, fidelity, spirit, and polite- ness of Us inhabitants, it has always well maintained its first- born rights ; and to whom, my Lord, shall the colony, loaded with his favors, now testify its gratitude through its historian's pen, and protest its perfeat devotedness, if not to the heir of the virtues, even more than of the titles of its illustrious Protector , to him, who alone has been able to console us for our loss by reviving that prinae entirely in his own person ?

This perfeat resemblance to an accomplished father can surprise those only, my Lord, who oould not witness the care of that prince to inspire you early in life with all his sentiments, and the devotion of a princess, who would intrust your educa- tion to no other hands, so as to develop and cultivate the great qualities that both have transmitted to you usith their hlood. Hence, in faai, that basis of piety and religion, wihich you have

so deeply felt to be the first duty and main support of a Chris- tian prinae; thai affability, thai inclination to do good to all, to lavish your treasures with a profusion that hnows no limii hut the wants of the needy ; that spirit of equity, that love of order, virirues of which the Count de Toulouse znas far more jealous than of his ranh and all his greatness ; that attachment to the royal person, thai noble and disinterested zeal in his service ; thai cool and well-considered valor in the midst of the battle, of which you have Just given such shining proof; in a word, all that was ad- mired in the Prince whom we have so regretted, all that en- deared him. to true Frenchmen, all thai ihey find revived in you.

My good fortune, my Lord, in seeing so noble a character in- crease and develop in you from your earliest childhood, and the cordial welcome with which you have ever favored my labors, encourage me to-day to offer you, what the Count de Toulouse had kindly accepted for himself, this fruit of my vigils, and of the voyage which I made under his auspices. Could I, indeed, Hnd a more favorable opportunity to express the sincere and re- spectful devotion, with which I am. My Lord,

Your Serene Highness's

Most humble and obed't servant,

P. FR. X. de CHARLEVOIX,

of the Society cf Jesus.

Paris, October IS, 174S.

TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.

The history of New France, by Father Charlevoix, is too well known and too highly esteemed both for style and matter to need any explanation of its scope or object here. The praise of Gibbon will alone assure the English reader that as an his- torical work it is of no inconsiderable merit.

It is, however, strange that while nearly all the other works of the French historian can be fjund in our language, no attempt has hitherto been made to present to English readers the history of a colony which passed under English rule ; and that even among American scholars no one has yet undertaken a version of this well-written history of New France. Yet that French colonial empire embraced no small portion of our own republic, and has left ineffaceable marks of the Gallic rule in the names imposed on natural features, and even on settlements that have risen to the dimension of cities.

In undertaking to supply the want, I purposed to myself to make it a work of enduring and positive value. To a transla- tion made with care and study I designed to add not mere occasional notes, but exact references to authorities for every statement in the text, without further remark where the authori- ties sustained the statement, but explaining and collating the evidence on points of disagreement. The addition of some biographical information, ethnological and other notes, as well as the supplying of obvious omissions, seenied necessary.

IV

TRANSLATORS PREFACE.

This has proved a tusk much greater than, from my familiarity with the subject, I had anticipated, but I trust that it is not labor spent in vain.

Of the preliminary matter little need be said. In this I re- frained from notes. The chronological tables would have led til too difl'iise remark. The List of Authors stands as Charle- voix's expression of opinion. In this I corrected the titles of the works in most cases from the works themselves, so as to make it useful for reference.

In translating a work of such frequent reference, I have, while making it as idiomatic as possible, adhered to the author's style and manner. For the same reason, I have retained his orthography of projior names, giving, however, where a name is incorrect, the proper form in my notes.

It is thus, for the use of the scholar, Charlevoix absolutely.

All the maps of the original edition are here reproduced, and portraits added to enhance the interest if not the value of the work.

Resuming here the study of many years, I could scarcelj enumerate all the friends whose suggestions and aid have enabled me to present the information here gathered. Yet I may mention the late Abbe Ferlaud, the Abbes Laverdiere and Taschereau, in Canada ; the late Henry de Courcy and Eev. Felix Martin, in France ; Doctor E. B. O'Callaghan, Hon. Henry C. Murphy, and Francis Parknian, in this country.

JOHN GILMARY SHEA.

New York, May 1, 1800.

PROJECT

SERIES OF HISTORIES OF THE NEW WORLD.

Although America alone is generally understood by the term New World, 1 here give it a wider extent — including all countries unknown to Europeans before the fourteenth century. The following is a brief plan of this series of histories, which I have not thought fitting to lay before the public till I was able to announce the first part as already in press. .

It should be observed, in the first place, that most of the provinces of what is called the New World have no connection with each other, and that there are few whose history naturally blends. What relation, for example, is there between New England and New Spain? It is scarcely possible to write the history of a single European kingdom, without touching on that of all the others ; yet no one would think of writing a general history of all that part of the Old World : how much more unreasonable would it be to seek to make a connected work on all America ! We must then separate the parts that have no dependence on each other ; unite those which cannot be treated sepa- rately without falling into repetitions or mutilating them, such as are New France and Louisiana, and give the public all these histories suc- cessively. Now, to secure a uniformity, so as to form a whole, connected by the method observed, I have adopted this plan.

At the head of each history I will give an exact catalogue of all the authors who have written on the same subject, were it only incidentally, provided what they say deserves attention. I will at the same time note the assistance which I have derived from each, and my reasons for following or disregarding them ; which I shall endeavor so to do, that no prejudice and interest but that of truth shall guide my pen.

To this first preliminary I shall add a second, which is a general notice of the country. In this I shall introduce all that concerns the character of the nation, its origin, government, religion, good or bad qualities, the climate and nature of the country, its chief wealth ; but I

6 PROJECT OF THE SERIES.

will defer to the end of the work all notices of natural history, which require to ho treated in detail, and all articles that could not enter into the body of the history, and which may nevertlieless afford interesting knowledge : such as what regards commerce, manufactures, plants and animals, medicine, &c.

As for the body of the history itself, I shall observe the same order that I followed in writing the history of the island of St. Domingo, with which apjiarently the public was not displeased. I shall omit nothing essential, but I shall avoid useless details. I know that the nature of the work requires what other histories would not suffer. Things quite uninteresting in themselves, please when they come from- a remote country, yet I am not blind to the necessity of selection and limit.

In this manner a complete knowledge may be acquired of each region of the New World ; — of its condition when first discovered ; what can be known of the history of its first inhabitants ; the important trans- actions since the entrance of Europeans ; of its most curious matters ; — and the reader will be able to form a judgment on those who have pre- viously written about it. Thus the history of the New World will be no longer in danger of perishing by its own abundance. What is really worthy of a reader's curiosity will not be smothered in things, to say the best, utterlj' useless, nor embarrassed in contradictions; and it will be easy to make a just discernment between the authors of relations and travels, who alone deserve the discredit which they have drawn on all, and those writers, who, by their sincerity and efforts to acquire informa- tion, are entitled to be regarded as safe guides, and witnesses beyond reproach.

In fine, it was time to render this service to the public, while we have still certain rules of criticism to distinguish lawful and authentic docu- ments from the prodigious number of writings thrown off at hazard, most of which so disfigure truth as to render her no longer distinguish- able, and which would undoubtedly destroy all traces of it, if the inun- dation were allowed to go unchecked. Never, in fact, has the cacoethes scrihendi gone further than in this matter. Who can number the rela- tions, memoirs, voyages, particular and general histories, produced by curiosity to see and eagerness to tell what has been seen, or what men would fain ]iass off as seen? Hut a ray of light is still left, by the help of wliich we can ilisciitaiiglc truth from this monstrous heap of fables, which have almost eclipsed it; and most of which, although supported by pleasing style, and the pernicious seasoning of satire, libertinage, and

PROJECT OF THE SERIES. 7

irreligion, are left in tlie bauds of all classes of people, to the great pre- judice of morals aud piety, only because nothing better is brought for- ward to replace them.

If in the review which I shall make of all the works relating to my subject any escape me, it will be, ordinarily, because it was impossible or inexpedient to draw them from the obscurity in which they are buried ; and my silence will be the only criticism they merit. Should I, however, omit any that deserve not to be forgotten, I will repair the fault as soon as I am notified. Thus, if these latter ages are justly reproached with an unbridled license in writing, better fitted to establish in the mass of mankind an utter Pyrrhonism in history, than to instruct those given to such reading, and better fitted to degrade the heroes who have filled the New World with the fame of their exploits and their virtues, by the fables introduced, than to give them the immortality so justly their due ; a remedy to such disorder will be found in this work, and those who come after us will be better enabled, than men have been till now, to render justice to all.

I may perhaps be asked, if I flatter myself that I shall be able to carry out so vast a design, for which the longest life would seem too short. To this I reply, that the nature of this work does not require that all the constituent parts be of the same hand ; that it will not suffer from diver- sity of style ; that this very diversity has its attractions, and all that is required is, that the same plan should be followed — a thing easily done. The same nearly may be said of this enterprise as of the discovery of America. The worst was done when it was once begun. There is then every reason to believe that it will be continued after me, and that if I have the advantage of suggesting the idea, those who succeed me will have the glory of perfecting it.

It only remains to warn the public as to the expense inevitable in the execution of such a project, that the price of the volumes may not shock them. In the first place, neither maps nor plans should be spared, and I am persuaded that this point will find no gainsayers. Nothing is more necessary in history, of which geography and chronology are the two eyes — especially in treating of countries not suflSciently known. In the second place, all the curious things furnished by natural history, will be engraved, but only when we are sure of accurate models. In fine, the difierent styles of costumes and arms among so many different nations, their religious ceremonies and customs, furnish much that readers will be pleased to see drawn to the life ; but all shall be retrenched that would merely add useless expense to the volumes.

PREFACE

This is the third work which I present to the public to fulfil my prom- ised course of Histories of the New World, on the plan announced by me. This project is repeated here, as it should be kept more in view in regard to New France than to the subsequent histories, in order to judge them properl3'. It should especially be remembered, that it is my design to give, as to each part of the New World, all that I find curious, useful, and interesting ; consequently to omit nothing that can be read with pleasure in the histories, relations, and journals treating on it, after sifting the true from the false.

It may be objected that a general history docs not permit details, and that in it many things are deemed minutiaj which are tolerated in a rela- tion. To this I reply that there are two distinct kinds of general history. That of a great empire, or celebrated republic, must be written in a style consonant with the majesty of the subject; nothing should enter to divert that attention which should centre entirely on the great events presented; but there are some, not striking in themselves, and which nevertheless contain a series of objects capable of interesting and instructing the reader. We regard with pleasure the " Battles of Alexander," by Le Brun; do we feel less in gazing on a landscape by Poussin ? A bold and daring pencil, guided by a brilliant imagination, strikes us in the one; nature in her beauty, simple grace, great variety, and simplicity, a wise distribution, harmony amid all parts, the arrangement and pmportions, are the merit of the others. Moreover, it is not always great revolutions and the most surprising events which give the historian the most judicious re- flections and most singular characters. Has not comedy, which alwaj's draws its plots, and generally its actors, from private life, attained as great perfection, and been as greatly relished, under the pen of a Moliere, as tragedy, admitting only heroic actions and personages, has under the great Corneille and Racine ?

There is a conventional taste for literary works, which may not be at first apparent, but to which men sooner or later return. The republic of

10 PREFACE.

lottcr.s has iiovor perliaps had more censors tlian now; but as many con- sult less the light of their intellect, than prejudice or some other foreign motive, the most docile and least prejudiced authors would often be embar- rassed, were they disposed to regard all the criticisms passed on their works. I may be allowed to cite my own example.

When the History of St. Domingo appeared, one censor found the whole first volume useless; others wished that I had omitted all reference to the freebooters and buccaneers; but what kind of history of St. Domingo would it be, that described neither the island, nor its discovery, nor the Spanish settlements, nor the revolutions which that people experienced Ihcro, nor how this first of their colonies in the New World became the Miiitlier of all the others, nor what reduced it to the pitiable state in which we behold it now; nor, in fine, by whom and how the French jilanted there the finest establishment which they have ever had in America ? Had I listened to these difierent criticisms, would I not be like the man in the fable, whose two wives plucked every hair from his head?

On the other hand, I am aware that others find fault with my concise- ness as to certain facts, where I confined myself to what seemed to belong to my subject; they would have wished me, for example, to have followed the career of Cortez to the close of the conquest of Mexico, as though his actions in St. Domingo would justify or require my giving the whole life of that Conquistador. On the same principle, I should have had to follow Alniagro and Pizarro, Valdivia and all others who had ever been settlers in St. Domingo, through all their expeditions, and the history of St. Domingo would swell into one of almost the whole Spanish empire iu America.

I experienced the same clashing criticisms on the History of Japan. The autlior of the Bibliolh&que Eaisonn^e, estimable for his learning, im- agined that I wished to depreciate KcBuipfer's work. Yet I have every reason to believe that this able writer had not, at the time, read either the German Doctor's work or mine, of which he would perhaps have spoken more favorably, had he not been in a bad humor. I esteem Koeinpfer's work, and I cannot be reproached with failing to do him jus- tice; but his two volumes contain only three or four historical facts, and these related on tradition; and I think that I have shown them to be al- most all disfigured in the main circumstances. It is only necessary to see what is said of Peter Nuits, in Formosa : Koempfer makes it a ro- mance, in which not even probability is retained. In the Voyages au Nord, which I followed, it is a curious circumstantial event, connecting

PREFACE. 11

perfectly with the history, and containing nothing incredible. Excepting these anecdotes, which are touched upon only incidentally, the work of the learned physician contains but a description of the kingdom of Siain, the abridged chronology of the Japanese empire, a very full description of that empire, its government, administration, religion, geography, the commerce of the Dutch, and the journals of his two journeys from Nan- gasaki to Jeddo, in the train of the Dutch President ; journals which show a traveller careful to note every thing worth his while, and which enter appositely in the memoirs of a man who travels simply for his own in- struction. Of all this I availed myself, to write an exact description of Japan, giving full credit to Koerapfer for all that he had published in that work, or in his Avuenitates Exoticce, on the natural history of those islands. But for history I gained nothing, and I should surely have found it diffi- cult to derive enough from it to fill a printed leaf, even had the matter been exact.

Those who found my preliminary book useless and prolix, have simply failed to read more than half my title, which promises a general descrip- tion and history. Now, to reduce to less than half a duodecimo volume, including the matter added at the close of the work, what occupies three- fourths of Koempfer's two folios, is surely not being too diffuse.

To some I seemed to give too much space to religious affairs; others, on the contrary, who deemed that part of my work the most pre- cious chapter of the Ecclesiastical History of these later ages, have not approved my condensation. My endeavor was to strike a medium be- tween these two extremes, and were the task- to be begun anew, I should take it again. As for those who aver that I treated of civil and political history, only incidentally, and so as to connect the facts, it is evident that they would have spoken differently had they read my book consecutively, or simply perused the three extracts given in our " Memoires de Trevoux," for June, August, and October, 1737. In one word, to meet these differ- ent criticisms, I can only refer the authors of them to the plan proposed by me when I undertook a course of histories of the New World. This plan has not to my knowledge been disapproved. If I have followed it ex- actly, I am in order ; if I have not, or do not in future, I shall be pleased to know where, and correct it at once.

There still remains a wide field for criticism, in the manner of writing, in the refiections, the characters, the order and distribution of facts, and in all this censure will not surprise me. Obliged for many years to devote a part of my time to giving the public an account of the writings of

12 PREFACE.

others, and using:, I venture to say, with moderation and impartiality, but still with liberty, the right given, or rather the duty imposed by my po- sition as reviewer, I ask no more than to be treated by my fellow critics as I treat those of whom I speak my mind : Et refellere sine pertinacia et refelli sine iracundid parati sitmm. (Cicero, 2 Tusc, n. 5.)

It would dciubtless have been more easy and agreeable for me to take, if I may use the expression, only the cream of the history of the New World. I should soon have reached the term of my career and had ap- parently more readers; but those who wish to be thoroughly informed, would have been obliged to turn to a host of books, not easily obtained, and Sdine of them very rare, where the interesting facts are swallowed up in details and tedious accounts, and where it is not easy to separate truth from falsehood; and moreover, there are many, the perusal of which is not devoid of danger to morals and religion.

To come to the subject of the work which I now present to the public, I am sensible of all its disadvantages. It treats of an immense country, which, though two centuries have elapsed since our discovery of it, is even less peopled than it was then, although French enough have crossed to re- place thrice over the Indians found there, and whom they cannot be re- proached with having destroyed. This does not promise a history tilled with interesting facts; but the history was called for, and with reason. It is the history of all the French colonies in the New World, which have been honored with the title of New France, or which have formed a part of it; and it was wanting. Moreover, it presents, at least in the origin of the prineijial settlements, only objects to heighten esteem for our nation, the only one which has possessed the secret of gaining the affec- tion of the American.

In fact, the founders of these colonies, had it, for the most part, far more at heart to plant the Faith among the savages, than to acquire wealth; our kings recommended nothing more earnestly to those to whom they confided their authority, than the protection of religion, and have almost always sacrificed their own interest to this view, so worthy of the oldest sons of the Church. The sole motive of procuring the eternal sal- vation of these tribes, has led them more than once to reject the project of renouncing a country that was a burden. Who then has arrested the progress of the gospel among the Indians, and whence comes it, that the most ancient of our culnnies, which should naturally be the most populous, is still the weakest of all ? Tiic course of this history will unveil it to those who take the pains to read attentively.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

OP THE NEW WORLD, AND OF THE COLONIES PLANTED THERE BY EUROPEANS.

CORRECTED AND ENLARGED.

1 24B.

Some assign to this year the first voyages to Greenland, Greenland which Mr. Savary calls la Oroenlande, but they are in error. This great country was known to the Norwegians in the ninth century, and far better than it is now.

1363- It is not known precisely in what year the French began to Guinea. trade to Guinea, but it is certain that in 1364 Dieppe mer- chants had discovered the coast and traded there. Their memory is still dear to the inhabitants, who hand it down by tradition. The just conduct of these navigators, and the very opposite manners of other Europeans, whom they subse- quently knew, have made them greatly regret the Dieppese. The name of Little Dieppe has been retained by a place on the Grain Coast.

'383- The Dieppese form an establishment at a spot on the same ^"w.'''; '* coast where Fori de la Mine is now. The civil wars of France in the reigns of Charles VI. and VII. forced them in 1410 to abandon it.

14 HISTORY OF" NEW FKANCE.

1401, 1405.

Canary Tlio Canary Isles, whicli some pretend, without adducing

any sufficient proof, to be the Fortunate Isles, so vaunted by the ancients, were unknown to Europeans till about the mid- dle of the fourteenth century. Genoese and Catalan naviga- tors having acquired some knowledge about 1345, Luis de la Cerda, whose father had been disinherited by Alphonsus X., king of Castile, his grandfather, was shortly after crowned, by Pope Clement VI., king of the Canaries ; but he did not take possession of this kingdom, and the Canaries relapsed into oblivion. In the beginning of the fifteenth, or the close of the preceding century, Henry III., king of Castile, gave them to John de Bethancourt, a Norman gentleman ; others say to Robert de Bracjuemont, afterwards Admiral of France, who sent thither John de Bethancourt, Baron of St. Martin le Gaillard, his kinsman. The latter, in 1401, or 1405, made himself master of the isles of Lanzarota, Fuerte Ventura, and Ferro, and was acknowledged as king. Maciot de Bethan- court, his relative and successor, subsequently ceded his rights to tlie Infante of Portugal, Dom Henry Count de Viseu, who sent thither Ferdinand de Castro, Grand Master of his house. Authors do not agree as to the time when the other islands were discovered. One fact is certain, the king of Castile having protested against the cession of Maciot de Bethancourt, by virtue of his assumed right of sovereignty over the Canaries, a treaty was made between that prince and the Infante of Portugal, whereby these islands were restored to the Crown (jf Castile, which still possesses them.

141Z, Cap« First voyage of the Portuguese along the coast of Africa.

Biijador. . '

Their voyages for a long time terminated at Cape Bojador, wliich they dnnst nut double.

14»8.

I'orio Santo. Discovery of the Island of Porto Santo, by Tristan Vaz and John Gonzales Zarco, Portuguese. They gave it this name because tiicy reached it on All Saints.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 15

1419.

Discovery of the island of Madeira by the same. Each MiJeira. gave his name to the point where he landed ; and Gonzales having found at his debarkation a grotto, used as a refuge by seals, called the spot Cambra de Lobos Marinos, and took the surname of Cambra, and more commonly Camara, which has been retained by his illustrious family. The name Ma- deira was given to this island because it was all covered with woods ; for Madeira, in Portuguese, means wood, and is apparently the origin of the French word madrier. Some English authors pretend that Madeira was discovered over sixty years before, hy Machin, one of their countrymen, who, with his wife, was thrown up there by chance in a storm. They add that Machin, having lost his wife, took to the sea again, and informed the Spaniards of his discovery, and that on his information Spanish and French navigators went to those parts, but did not discover Madeira, although they lauded repeatedly in the Canaries.

H39- Gil Anez, a Portuguese, doubled Cape Bojador, accompanied BojaJor. by Anthony Gonzales Baldaya. This promontory is asserted to be the same laid down in Ptolemy, under the name Cauarea. The name Bojador was given by the Portuguese, because to pass it you must first row pretty far to the west, then turn east. Bojar, in Portuguese, means to row.

1440.

Nuno Tristan, a Portuguese, discovers Cape Blanco. Some cape authors also place in this same year the discovery of Cape Verde, but the opinion is not generally followed.

Blaoco.

H+2-1443- Anthony Gonzales, a Portuguese, discovers Kio del Oi o. r.io .lei Oro The same year he discovers the Isles of Arguyn, opposite ^^''*°' Cape Blanco. The Infante, Dom Henry, built a fort there, which was taken by the Dutch in 1638.

16

HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

'445- ADgTs. Gonzalo de Cintra, a Portuguese, discovered on the same

coast of Nigritia a great bay, where he was killed. It was after him called Angra de Cintra — that is, Ciutra's Bay. It gradually came to be called simply Angra.

1446. Capo Verde. Ntifio Tristan, already mentioned, discovers Cape Verde ; he passed the mouth of the Senegal without discovering it, for Cape Verde has the Senegal on the north and the Gambia on the south. These two rivers are the principal branches of the Niger. Some attribute the discovery of Cape Verde to Denis Fernandez : he perhaps accompanied Nuiio Tristan.

1447.

Beneg»L Lanzarote, a Portuguese, discovers the Senegal, which the natives call Ovedec. Lanzarote gives it the name of Senega or Sanega, from a negro of rank whom he enslaved, but who ransomed himself The Portuguese at first took this river for a branch of the Nile. Some assign this discovery to the next year.

1448.

Azores. Dom Gonzalo Velio, Commander of Almouros, set out this

year from Portugal to explore the Azores, so called from the numbers of vultures found there, for Azov, in Spanish and Portuguese, moans a vulture. These islands were also called Terceiras, from the name of the largest, which is the third met going from Portugal, and hence called Torceira. The Com- mander explored only the isles of Fayal, Pico, St. George, La Graciosa, Terceira, Santa Maria, and San Miguel. The last is celebrated for the famous naval battle gained here in 1582, by the Marquis of Santa Cruz over t>om Antonio, calling himself king of Portugal. The islands of Flores and Corvo were not known till some years later. All these islands were uninhab- ited when the Portuguese Commander landed there, except Fayal, where some Flemish families had settled on the banks of a river Boterus says that the Azores were discovered in 1439,

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 17

but he is apparently mistaken, Flemings liaving been there Azures. even before that date. The Portuguese originally placed their first meridian at the two islands Flores and Corvo, which lie north and south, from their believing that they had observed that the needle did not vary in passing them. Other naviga- tors declare the observation to be false. The Portuguese, we know certainly, afterwards fixed their meridian at Pico, and several nations followed their example. The French adopted He de Fer (Ferro), one of the Canaries. In the island of Corvo, at its discovery, an equestrian statue, of some material not recognized, was found, on a pedestal of the same, bearing characters which could not be deciphered, and which no one ' took pains to preserve. Early navigators paid little attention to monuments of this kind. The figure pointed with its right hand westward, as if to designate that there were lands in that direction. The Commander of Almouros began a settlement on the Azores.

1449.

Discovery of the Cape Verde Islands, by Anthony Nolli, a capeVerde Genoese, in the name of the infante Doni Henry, count of Viseu. The first which he reached was called Isle of May, because ho landed on May-day. At the same time, he discovered two others, to which he gave the names of St. James and St. Philip, whose festival was kept on that day. The others were not discovered till 1460, by the Portuguese, who then began to set- tle them all. Father du Jarric is mistaken in saying that the Portuguese made this discovery in 1446 ; and Sanut is also, in attributing it to Louis de Cadamosto, a noble Venetian, sent, he says, by the infante of Portugal, to discover new lands, unless he means that Cadamosto commanded the squadron which, in 1460, discovered those islands not seen by Nolli. Some authors take these islands for the Gorgones of Pomponius Mela ; others for the Gorgades of Pliny ; others for the boasted Hesperides of the ancients ; others, in fine, for the Fortunate Isles. And these various opinions have some probability, but only that. I should rather incline to believe the Canaries to be the Hesperides, and the Cape Verde islands, the Fortunate Isles ; but the name Fortunate suits Cape Verde itself, liettcr Vol. I.— 2

18 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Cnpe Verde than tlic islands tu which it has giveu its name, for their

Islands.

atmosplicre is not healthy, and they have nothing to recom- mend them.

1471. St. Tii.uiias John dc Santarem and Peter do Escovar, Portuguese, sent by

and I'rince'8

isinnd. Dom Ferdinand Gomez, discovered St. Thomas, Prince's Island,

Cape SL

caiimrine. aiid Cape St. Catharine, — the latter so called from beinq: dis-

Cold Cuast ^ ' °

covered on the festival of that saint. They found, all along that coast, many gold mines, which obtained for it the name of Gold Coast.

1472.

Annobon On thc first day of the ensuing year, they discovered an island, which they called Anno Bueno, from the day. It is commonly styled Annobon.

H77- Kstoiiinnd. It is pretended that in this year John Scalvc, a Pole, ex-

Labra.lor. ^ "' ' '

plored Estotiland and Labrador ; but it lacks proof. He cer- tainly made no settlement. It is even admitted now that Estotiland is a chimerical country.

1481. St Oenrge of Diego dc Azambuja, a Portuguese, built Fort St. George of

the Mine.

the Mine, on the site of the French one erected a century before.

1484. . Hetiin, Dioffo Cam. a Portue-uese.

Presle:

c.ncn.Hetiin, Dicgo Cam, a Portuaruese, discovered the kingdom of Congo,

which comprised then Angola, Matamba, and several other kingdoms, afterwards separated from it. It seems that on his return, or at least on the same voyage, he entered the kingdom of Benin. He then learned that the king of Benin received the investiture of his kingdom, from a more powerful prince, by the royal mantle and a staff, with a cross like that of Malta ; and that the States of this great monarch lay two hundred and fifty leagues from Benin. On his return, he informed his royal master, who inferred it to be Prester John ; and three

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

19

years after, Peter de Covillam and Alphonsus de Pay va were Prcstcrjoim. sent to that prince, who was believed to be the emperor of the Abj'ssinians. The two deputies embarked at Aden, a port in Arabia Felix ; then separating, Payva set out for Abyssinia, and died on the way. Covillam started for India, went to Cananor, Goa, Calicut, returned to Africa, landed in the king- dom of Sofala, passed thence to Ormuz, whence he reached the court of the emperor of the Abyssinians.

i486.

Bartholomew Diaz, his brother, Peter Diaz, and John Infante, Portuguese, discovered the Cape of Good Hope. They called it Cape Tempest, because they encountered terrible storms there ; but the king of Portugal, seeing that this discovery opened to him tlie path to the Indies, changed the name to that which it has since borne.

1492.

Christopher Columbus, a Genoese, on the 11th of October, discovered the first land in America, and took possession of it in the name of the crown of Castile. It was one of the Baha- mas, called Guanahani, but to which he gave the name of San Salvador. He then discovered several others ; then Cuba, and at last Hayti, which he called Hispaniola. The French call it St. Domingue, from the name of its capital.

Capp of Good Hope.

First .lis- covery of Aiiiericft.

H93-

Pope Alexander VI. traced the famous line of demarkation, to bring the Spaniards and Portuguese to a comprt)mise in re- gard to their discoveries. It ran through the middle of the sea, between the Azores and Cape Verde islands ; but it was subsequently set back three hundred and seventy leagues west.

In the month of October, of the same year, Christopher Co- lumbus discovered most of the Little Antilles, and the majority of the names given by him are still preserved. He then dis- covered Boriqucn, and called it the island of St. John the Baptist. The name of Puerto Rico was afterwards added. The French call it Port(j Rico.

Line of tlo inarkation.

Little Antilles.

20 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Isabel, ttio Ttience he passed to Hispaniola, where he founded the first

first CitT of .

ihii New city built by the Europeans in the New World, and called it

Wnrl.l,

Isabel, in honor of the queen of Castile, who bore that name.

1494.

Jamaica. On the 14th of March, Christopher Columbus discovers Jamaica. He gave it the name of Santiago ; but its original name, Jamaica, has prevailed. In the same voyage, he as- sured himself that Cuba was an island.

1496.

Newfoond- Qn the 5th of March, Henry VII., king of England, granted a patent to John Cabot or Gabato, a Venetian, and his three sons, to go and discover new land. The conditions were, that after deducting all expenses, they were to give the king the fifth of the profits. This is verified by the public acts of England. What follows is not so certain. It is pretended that the Cabots discovered Newfoundland, and a part of the

ijit.raiior. ccjutinent of Labrador or Laborador. They went, it is said, aa far north as the fifty-fifth degree, and took four Indians to England. Nevertheless, good authors assert that they landed nowhere, on continent or island. Others have since pretended

E>totii8nj. that Estotiland, which was placed north or west of Labrador, was discovered in 1390, by fishermen of Frieseland. Anthony Zani, it is said, a noble Venetian, and his brother, Nicholas Zani, having sailed from the coast of Ireland, were driven by stress of weather on Frieseland, believed to be a part of Greenland, and there learned of this discovery. In their re- lation, they gave a magnificent description of Estotiland ; but this account is evidently a romance.

First voyage Oil Saturday, July 8th, in the same year, Vasco de Gama sea. sailed from Lisbon for Ethiopia and the Indies, by way of the Natal. Cape of Good Hope. On Christmas-day, he discovered a land, which he called the land of Natal, from the day.

1498. River ties Oil the 6th of January, he perceived a large river, which he

Kris, MiTZftin-

bi.|uc, Quii.ia, called River of the Kings, then Mozambique, then the king- Ac.

dolus of Quiloa, Mombaza, Melinda, and Sofala ; at several

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 21

points, he took possession of tlie country in tlie name of tlie DeOama

UtkeS posses- king of Portugal. On the 20tli of May, he arrived at Calicut. 8i..ii<>fiiie

couulry.

Barros says tliat he sailed from Mozambique on the 24th of August, and reached Calicut in twenty-two days. If this is sn, he anchored before that town on the 16th, and not on the 20th. He is the first who reached India by that route.

On the last day of July, in the same year, Christopher Colum- Trinidad. bus discovered Trinidad. Some say that he gave it this name because, at first, it seemed to have a mountain with three summits. Others pretend that he had made a vow to give this name to the first land he saw. On the I2th of August he landed, and was soon convinced that Trinidad was an island.

On the 11th, he had seen another land, which also he, at first, Discovery of

, the Continent

took to be an island, and styled Isla Santa ; but he soon found of America.

' •' . Parla.

it to be the continent, and he gave tlic whole coast, which he Orino.-o. isie

. . of Pearls.

ran along in full sight, the name of Paria, for he found that the people so called it. Some days after, having been in great danger, in one of the mouths of the Orinoco, he called it Boca del Dragon. Thence he passed to the Gulf of Pearls, and dis- covered three islands : he called the first Margarita, on ac- count of the pearls found in this gulf ; the other two were called Cochem and Cubagua ; the latter, having the greatest pearl-fishery, has long borne the name of Isle of Pearls.

1499. On the 16th of May, Alphonso de Ojeda, a Spanish gentle- Cipedeia

• 1 1 t • tT ■ rii . yii\&. Vene-

man, accompanied by Amencus Vesputius, a riorentnie, ami zueia. Juan de la Cosa, the most able pilot then in Spain, landed on the continent of America, two hundred leagues east of the Ori- noco ; coasted along for two hundred leagues to a cape, which he called De la Vela ; discovered the Gulf of Maracaibo, and gave the name of Venezuela — that is to say. Little Venice — to a town which he found, built on the water, somewhat like that great city. This name was subsequently extended to all the province. He finally explored all the coast of Cumaiia. Amer- icus Vesputius, who was only a ship's husband on the squadron commanded by Ojeda, published an account of this discovery, of which he assumed all the honor ; and to persuade the public

Cuuiaoa.

22 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Americas that he was the first (if all Europeans to land on the continent of the New World, he ventured to assert that his voyage had lasted twenty-five months. Ojeda, interrogated juridically as to this fact, denied it ; but, as he had been at first believed on his word, people had become accustomed to give his name to the New World, and error prevailed over truth.

Sait-sprinis Towards the close of the same year Christopher Guerra and *"^ Pero Alonzo Nino, discovered the point of Ayola, which is north and south of the western point of Margarita, and found there very fine salt-springs.

1500.

Br»7.ii. Vincent Yaiiez Pinzon, a Spaniard, who had accompanied

Columbus in his first voyage, having sailed from Spain in the latter part of December, 1499, discovered, on the 26th of Jan- uary, a cape in Brazil, which he named Cape Consolation, and took possession of it in the name of the crown of Castile. The Portuguese afterwards called it St. Augustine. Pinzon then thought tiiat he perceived the mouth of a great river, which he called Maranaon ; it was subsequently found that it was only a bay, at the end of which there is an island, now bearing the name of Maranham, which it has given to a whole province in Brazil. Three fine rivers empty into the bay, but none of them bears the name of Maranaon. Father Christopher d'Acuiia, in his description of the Amazon River, pretends that a river, which he calls the Maranon, issues from this great river and empties into the bay just mentioned, but he is mis- taken. Some French Capuchins had a mission in the island of Maranaon, which they write Maragnan, following the Portu- guese pronunciation, while the Spaniards write and pronounce it Maranon.

On the 8th, or, according to others, the 9th of March, in the same year, Dom Pero Alvarez Cabral sailed from Lisbon, on the second voyage to India. On Uoly Saturday, after experiencing a terrible storm, which scattered a part of his fleet, and swal- lowed up some of his ships, he was cast with the rest on the coast of Brazil. He entered a port which he called Porto Secure : he then gave all the country the name of Holy Cross, and took possession in the name of the king of Portugal, his

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 23

master. The name Brazil, or, as the French write, Rrosil, in iirazii. that given by the natives of the country, and it has prevailed over that of Holy Cross. Cabral then resumed his voyage to India, arrived at Calicut on the 13th of September, thence passed to Cananor, and finally to Cochim.

Nothing is more fabulous than the story, then current in Spain, and much circulated by those envious of Columbus — namely, that a caravel, carrying Spanish wines to England, after being long buffeted by the winds, was forced to run south, then west,- and at last found itself near an island, where the crew landed to rest after their hardships at sea. Others say that it was on the coast of Pernambuco, but all agree that it was in Brazil. They added that the Andalusian, Biscayan, or Portuguese pilot (for they vary on this point), returning to Europe, after losing almost all his crew, died at the house of Columbus, in the island of Porto Santo, and left him all his notes, of which he availed himself to discover the New World. This matter was in the sequel examined in the Council of the Indies, and the imposture confounded. Moreover, if Columbus had had these notes he would have crossed the Equator, which he never did.

This same year Caspar de Cortereal, a Portuguese gentle- Newfound- man, landed in the island of Newfoundland, in a bay to which he gave the name of Conception, which it still retains. He then visited all the eastern shore of that great island. Other discoveries are attributed to him in the adjacent continent, where ancient maps lay dcjwn Teri'a Gortcrealis. Accustomed to milder climates, with- his mind filled with the idea of the riches of Africa and the Indies, he was soon disgusted with a land in which naught was to be seen but frightful rocks cov- ered with snow, frozen rivers and sea, unfitted for the estab- lishment of trade, except in a fish which had not yet been appreciated, and was even apparently unknown. So he sailed away for Portugal again, but was lost on the way. Champhiin pretends that Cortereal made two voyages to Newfoundland, and perished in the second, where or how was unknown, lie adds that Micluud de Cortereal, his brother, seeking to prose- cute his enterprise, met the same fate.

24

HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Gulf of Oraba.

Isle of Joan de Nova.

1501.

In the beginning of January, in this year, Roderic de Bas- tidas, a Spaniard, accompanied by John de la Cosa, of whom I have already spoken, sailed from Cadiz to make new discover- ies, and after passing the Gulf of Maracaibo, discovered more than a hundred leagues of coast beyond Cape de la Vela, the limit of Ojeda's discoveries ; he entered the Gulf of Uraba, and pushed on to the site of the future city of Carthagena. It is not very certain that he gave the bay, as some believe, the name of Carthagena, which it still bears.

At the same time John de Nova sailed from Lisbon on a third voyage to the Indies, and on his way discovered, at twenty degrees north, an island, which he called Conception. Having then doubled the Cape of Good Hope, he discovered another island, at about seven or eight degrees south, and gave it his name, which it still bears.

Island of 8t Helena.

1502.

John de Nova, returning from the Indies, discovered the famous island of St. Helena, to which he gave its name. Some maps lay down a second of the same name, under the same parallel, and far more to the east, according to them recently discovered ; but the ablest navigators believe it fabulous. Meiiapore. In March of the same year, Vasco de Gama, who made the first voyage by sea to India, sailed on a fourth. On arriving at Cochin, he received ambassadors from the Christians of Meiiapore, who asked to be taken under the protection of the kings of Portugal.

In August, Christopher Columbus discovered the Cape and Gulf of Honduras.

On the 12th of September he discovered another cape, which he named Gracias a Dios, and, on the 2d of November, a port which he called Puerto Bello, commonly called Porto Bello. He then ran into some other ports of the same coast, some of which have since changed the names he crave them.

Honduras.

Porto Bello.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 25

i5°3-

On the 6th of January following he entered a river, to which v«r»g he gave the name of Belen, in memory of the entrance of the Wise Men into Bethlehem on that day. Thence he passed into that of Veragua, which is only one league off, where he found gold mines. The province of Veragua was subsequently erected into a duchy, in favor of Louis Columbus, a grandson of Chris- topher, and this duchy has descended in the female line, first to the house of Braganza, and lastly to that of Liria-Barwich.

The same year Alphonsus de Albuquerque, surnamed the socotora. Great ; Francis de Albuquerque, his brother ; and Anthony de Saldanha, each sailed with a squadron on a fourth voyage to the Indies. In this voyage Diego Fernandez Fereyra, who commanded one of the vessels of Saldanha's squadron, discov- ered the island of Socotora. Alphonsus de Albuquerque him- self anchored at Cape Guardafu, the easternmost in Africa, and having arrived in India, built on Cocbim Island a fortress, to which he gave the name of Santiago.

Quardafu.

1504.

Basque, Norman, and Breton fishermen then, and for some oreat Bauk time previous, had taken cod on the Great Bank of Newfound- ' land. land, and on the shores of the island, of the neighboring conti- nent, and of the whole Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is not known at what precise time they began to frequent these seas, nor when the great bank was discovered.

1505.

Peter de Aiiaya, a Portuguese, being in the kingdom of Sofala Monomoupn. this year, obtained the earliest information of the empire of Monomotapa, in Africa.

This same year, a mercantile company at Rouen fitted out several vessels to go to the East Indies, and gave the command to the Sieur Binet Paulmier do Gounoville. This captain, hav- ing reached the Capo of Good Hope, was driven far towards the south pole by the currents, and by the tempests of that stormy sea. He discovered a very fine country, whose inhabit- ants received him with respect and admiration. According, to

26

HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Mononi..t»pa. the relation of this voyage, these people are mild, sociable, and well made. Gonneville took to France the sou of one of their kings, under a promise to restore him in twenty moons. But the civil wars prevented its fulfilment ; and not to leave unpro- tected a young man confided to him so graciously, he made him his son-in-law and heir. The author of the " Voyage dans les Torres Australcs" was the issue of the marriage of Gonneville's daughter with this stranger.

Canada.

Maldives. Ceylon.

Madftgaacar.

Islt>3 of

Trlsian

d'.\cunlia.

1506.

This year, John Denis, of Honfleur, published a map of the coast of Newfoundland and its neighborhood.

The same year, Lawrence de Almej'da, son of the viceroy of the Indies, going with orders to explore the Maldives, first discovered Ceylon. It is pretended that he then discovered the Maldives, which is much more probable than what they add — namely, that he discovered the island of Madagascar that same year, and gave it the name of St. Lawrence. For it seems certain that this young noble did not leave India after discov- ering Ceylon.

Some pretend that the island of Madagascar was discovered in 1505, but they do not say by whom. It is certain that towards the close of the year 1506, Tristan d'Acunha, a Portu- guese, on the report of Rui Fereryra, one of his captains, that he had touched at Madagascar, and that pepper was found there, sailed there in person. Marco Polo, of Venice, spoke of Madagascar, which the Chinese knew long before the Euro- peans. It is even asserted that they sent colonists there. Many believe this to be the Cerna of Pliny, and the Mamuthias of Ptolemy. When Tristan d'Acunha went to Madagascar, he commanded the fifth fleet which the king of Portugal sent to the Indies. Before doubling the Cape of Good Hope, he discov- ered the islands which still bear his name.

The same year, John Diaz de Solis and Vincent Yanez Pinzou penetrated to the head of the Bay of Honduras, and named it Nativity Bay. They then explored a part of Yucatan, of which Christopher Columbus had had some knowledge when he dis- covered the Bay of Honduras, but they only coasted along in sight of land.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

27

1508.

Don Diego Lopez de Siqueyra discovered the island of Su- matra, quite commonly believed to be the ancient Taprobaua. Thence he passed to Malacca. It is pretended that he also discovered Cape Guardafu ; perhaps he obtained a more exact knowledge than Alphonsus Albuquerque had done.

The same year, a Canada Indian was seen in France, taken to that country by Thomas Aubert, a Dieppe pilot.

Siifiialra. Mulucca.

Canada.

1509.

John Diaz de Solis and Vincent Yaiiez Pinzon cross the equa- tor, coast along Brazil, and erect everywhere marks of their taking possession for the crown of Castile.

The same year, John de Esquibel made a settlement in Ja- maica, by the orders and in the name of the Admiral of the Indies, Don Diego Colon, eldest son and successor of Christo- pher Columbus.

Brazil.

Jamaica.

1510.

On the 16th of February, in this year, the great Albuquerque ooa. took the city of Goa. It was twice retaken by the Hindoos, but always recaptured by the Portuguese, who made it the cap- ital of their empire in India.

The same year John Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, conquered Porto Rico the island of Porto Rico, by order of Don Diego Colon.

The same year Alphonsus de Ojeda and Diego de Nicucssa NewAnJu- sailed from Hispaniola to settle, the latter Castilla de Oro, the caituiade former. New Andalusia, which had been conceded to them on "'"' that condition, and of which they had been named governors. New Andalusia was to begin at Cape de la Vela ; Castilla de Oro was to extend to Cape Garcias a Dios. The middle of the Gulf of Uraba was to be the boundary between them. The same year Ojeda built the city of San Sebastian de Buena sm. Seba.'^tinn Vista ; Nicucssa began a small settlement at Nombre de Dios. ""viMa."" Some time after, the Bachelor Euciso, one of Ojeda's captains, founded the cjld city of Santa Maria, on the banks of the Darien, Sanm Marii which empties into the Gulf of Uraba. This city, the first on the continent of America honored with the title of an Episcopal

28

HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Santa Maria, citj, cxisted Only nine years, at the end of which tlie inhabit- ants and the Episcopal See were transferred to Panama. Ojeda and Nicuessa did not succeed in their colonization, and the name of Castilla de Oro disappears with the latter, and geog- raphers err in giving it in their maps. That of New Andalu- sia has been transferred, by some geographers at least, towards the coast of Cumana.

Cuba.

Malacca.

1511.

Diego Velasquez took possession of the island of Cuba in the name of Admiral Don Diego Colon, who invested him with the government.

In the month of August of this same year the great Albu- querque made himself master of Malacca, and there received the ambassadors of the king of Siam, who came to congratu- late him on that conquest.

After this siege, Francisco Serrano and Diego de Abreu, who had served in it with distinction, were sent to discover the Mo- luccas. Having separated, Abreu first landed in Java, then discovered the island of Amboyna, which is surrounded by other little islands called the Amboynas. He then passed to the isles of Banda, but went no further. Serrano made his Moluccas, way to Teruate. The Moluccas are divided into the Great and Little. The latter are the Moluccas proper ; the chief islands are Ternate, Tidor or Tadura, Molir, Machim, and Bachian. The Great Moluccas are Gilolo, or Isle Moro, called also by the Portuguese Patochine ; the Little Moluccas, which lie near it, are called on the maps Archipelago del Moro. The other great Moluccas are Amboyna, Banda, Timor, and Celebes, or Macas- sar, so called from tlie two kingdoms which divide it.

Java. Amboyna.

1512.

Fioriiia. John Ponce de Leon, the conqueror of Porto Rico, seeking a

fountain of youth which had been represeuted to him as exist- ing on the island of Bimini, one of the Bahamas, found himself by chance in sight of a great land. He disembarked and called it Florida, some say because it was in Easter-week ; according to others, because he found the fields enamelled with flowers. He also discovered several small islands, which he called The

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

29

Martyrs. They are at the moutli of the Now Bahama Channel, The Martyrs. and skirt the western part of the Cape of Florida. The Ba- hama Channel is the discharge of the Gulf of Mexico into the Atlantic, and derives its name from one of the Lucayan Islands. No river has a current as strong as that of this channel. The island of Bahama forms two channels. Tliat to the east was first used, and is called the old channel ; the current is not so strong, but it is dangerous from the reefs that abound. This has caused it to be abandoned.

1513-

On the 25th of September, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, who com- The Pacific. manded at old Santa Maria de Darien, discovered the Pacific. He toolc possession on the 29th, in the name of Castile, march- ing in waist high, with his shield in one hand and his sword in the other. On the same day he gave the name of St. Michael, Gulf of st

. Mlcliael.

whose feast it was, to a gulf made by the Pacific at that point.

He discovered also several islands where pearls were taken,

and called them Pearl Islands. He had some time previously Peari islands.

obtained information about Peru. Eeturning to Santa Maria,

he explored all the country between that city and the Pacific.

1514. An ambassador from David, emperor of the Abyssinians, Ahyssinisn

Ambassailiir

arrived at Lisbon. at Lisbon.

The same year, Don Pedrarias, or Pedro Arias Davila, gov- ernor of the province of Darien, began settlements in the provinces of Santa Maria and Cartagena, of which he discov- ered the greatest part.

1515.

Alnnzo Perez de la Rua, a Spaniard, began the discovery of Peru. Peru.

The same year, Diego de Albitez, a Spaniard, discovered cbagrca. Chagres River, which rises very near the Pacific, is navigable for a considerable distance above the mouth, and traverses in a serpentine course most of the isthmus of Panama.

30 HISTORY OF NEW FEA^'CE.

1516. Nata, flrst Tlie licentiate Espinosa founds the city of Nata in the prov-

Spani^h city

orithePnciflc. 11106 of Vcragiia. It is the first Spanish city on the Pacific.

On the first day of the same year, John Diaz de Solis, already mentioned, entered a river in Brazil, which he called Rio Ge- nero, or Enero, River of January. The Portuguese, the actual

PlIo Janeiro, mastcrs of all that great country, call it Rio Janerio. Diaz next discovered a much greater river, which he called after himself, Rio de Solis, and which was subsequently named Rio de la Plata. Landing here, he was killed by the Indians. Rio de la Plata is properly only a long bay, formed by the conflu- ence of the Parana and Uraguay. The Parana, two hundred leagues above, receives the Paraguay.

1517.

Yucatan. Oil the 8th of February, Francis Fernandez de Cordova em- barked at Havana, by order of Diego Velasquez, governor of Cuba. He next discovered all the coast of Yucatan from Cape de Catoche to Potonchan. In this interval, he found a town called Kimpech, where the city of Campeachy was afterwards built. I'he Pciriu- In the month of August, of this same year, Ferdinand de

guese ill

China. Andrada, a P<irtuguesG, reached China. It is the first voj^age

Cathay.

Cauibaiu. made by the Portuguese to tliat great empire, of which the more western and northern part formerly bore the name of Cathay. Cambalu, capital of Cathay, is the same as Pekin.

1518.

New Spain. Francisco Fernandez de Cordova having died on his return from Yucatan, John de Grijalva was sent by Velasquez to continue his discoveries. He first discovered the island of Cozumel, and named it the island of Santa Cruz ; then the river Tabasco, to which he gave his name ; then the island or key of Sacrificios, so called because he found men there who had just been sacrificed to the idols. A little further on, he discovered the island of Ulna, to which ho gave the name of San Juan, and which is still called the island of San Juan de Ulna. It is opposite Vera Cruz, of which it forms the poi't. He then

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

31

advanced to the province of Panuco, and gave all these new New Spain. discoveries the name of New Spain

The same year, Don Pedrarias Davila sent the licentiate Pannma. Diego de Espinoza to Panama to found a city there, or ratlier to remove to it the inhabitants and materials of Santa Maria la Antigua of Darien. The city of Panama has since changed its place, having been withdrawn a little to the west. The bishop assumes the title of Primate of Terrafirma, although a suffragan of Lima, because Santa Maria la Antigua, which Panama has replaced, was the first Episcopal See on the main- land of the New World. This does not prevent the Archbishop of San Domingo, in Hispaniola, whose See is still more ancient, from being acknowledged as primate of all Spanish America.

1519. On the 10th of February of that year, Hernan Cortez sailed VcraCruz. from Havana to conquer New Spain. He landed within San Juan de Ulua, and founded on the mainland a city, which he called Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, because he arrived there on Good Friday. This is now called Old Vera Cruz. The new city is three leagues further east, opposite the island of San Juan de Ulua. Having the same year reached Mexico, he sent Diego de Ordas to examine the volcano of Popocotapec, in the province of Tlascala.

Straits.

Terra ilel

Fuego

1520.

Ferdinand de Maghaillans, better known under the name of Discovery of

" ' . Magellan's

Magellan, a Portuguese captain who had served at the siege of Malacca under the great Albuquerque, and who afterwards en- tered the service of the king of Spain, in consequence of some slights which he had received from the Portuguese court, pro- posed to the Catholic monarch the conquest of the Moluccas, and his offer was accepted. Some vessels having been as- signed to him, he set sail on the 10th of August, 1519. In May of the ensuing year, he discovered an island which he calk'd Isla de los Tuberoncs (Seals), the i.shuul of St. Peter, the island of Cocos, which he called the Unfortunate Islands, because he found them deserted and uncultivated. On arriv- ing at the entrance of the famous strait which bears his name,

32

HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Terra del Fuego.

Mexican mines.

Florida.

lie gave the name of Cape of the Virgins to the first land that Uo discovered, because he saw it ou St. Ursula's Day. He en- tered the straits on the 7th of November, and on the 27th he found himself in the South Sea, which he called the Pacific. The name Terra del Fuego, given to the country to the south of the straits, seems to be more modern. It arose, we are told, from a number of fires seen there by navigators. It was, per- haps, lightning, the whole region being subject to great thunder- storms, arising from the vapors drawn by the sun from the two oceans ; and doubtless, too, in consequence of the nature of the soil. From the narratives of Hollanders who have sailed in that quarter, it would seem that it is only a collection of islands, with ship-channels between them.

The same year Hernan Cortez sent Gonzalo de Umbria to explore the southern coast of New Spain, and Francisco Pi- zarro; with Diego de Ordas, to visit the northern. At the same time mines were discovered in the country, and Montezuma, emperor of Mexico, acknowledged himself a vassal of the king of Spain, and sent him a tribute.

The licentiate, Luke Vasquez de Ayllon, this same year un- dertook to continue the exploration of Florida ; he discovered, in fact, Cape St. Helena and the province of Chicora. This Cape St. Helena is at the mouth of a pretty large river, aftta'- wards called the Jordan.

Ladrones. Cebu. Matan.

1521.

Discovery of the Ladrone Islands by Magellan. He also called them the Archipelago of St. Lazarus. These islands are now called the Mariane Islands. Magellan then discovered the island of Cebu, and subsequently Matan, where he was killed. After his death Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa was recognized as commander of the fleet. He retained of his ships only the Trinidad and Vitoria, and having fallen in with a Ciiinese junk bound to the Moluccas, took a pilot aboard, who carried liira to Tidor, which he reached on the 8th of November, or, according to Osorio, towards the end of October. Thence he returned to Spain, by way of India, in the Vitoria. It is the first vessel that circumnavigated the globe, and is still preserved at Seville.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 33

This same year Hernan Cortez made liirnsolf master of Mex- Mexico, ico, and the conquest of that capital put an end to the empire of the Mexicans.

1522.

Parillas, a soldier of the army of Hernan Cortez, discovers Merhnacan. the province of Mechoacau. This discovery was followed the same year by several others in New Spain, and in particular by that of Nicaragua. Gil Gonzalez Davila entered it some time before through the province of Darien, and discovered the canton of Nicoya.

The same year the body of the apostle St. Thomas was found 8l Thome, at Meliapore, and transported to Goa by order of Edward de Menesez, but this did not prevent the rebuilding of Meliapore, under the name of St. Thome.

1523. John Verazani, a Florentine, who had entered the service of First voyage

of Verazani.

Francis I., king of France, this year made a first voyage to North America. Pew authors have spoken of this expedition, which is known only by a letter of Verazani himself to the king, dated Dieppe, July 8th, in which he supposes his majesty informed of the success of this first attempt. It may well bo, however, that this was less an attempt to make discoveries than to make cruises against the Spaniards, for we know that he made more than one.

1524.

Verazani set out again the next year to begin or continue his second discoveries. In the month of March he came in sight of the land of Florida. He then made fifty leagues south, and found himself at 34° N. He turned northward, and ranged the whole coast to an island discovered by the Bretons, and lying, accord- ing to him, at 50° N. If this was Cape Breton, now Isle Roy- ale, he was mistaken in his estimate ; but it may well be that he landed on Newfoundland, where the Bretons had been fish- ing for a number of years.

In the month of November, this year, Francisco Pizarro Pero.

sailed from Panama to complete the discovery, and attempt

the conquest of Peru. Vol. L— 3

34 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

'525-

Thirii voyage. Third Voyage of Vcrazani. His success is unknown, as he perished on it : how, is not known. A modern historian, Don Andres Gonzales de Barcia, is surely mistaken in saying, in his Ensayo Cronologico para la Historia de la Florida, p. 82, that Verazani was taken by the Spaniards near the Canaries, in 1524, and hung as a pirate. If this misfortune befell him, it could only be in 1525, on his return from his third voyage.

WandufSL The Same year Don Garcias de Loysa, a Spaniard, dis- covered the island of St. Matthew, to the west of Annobon. An inscription is said to have been found tnere on a tree, stating that the Portugue.se had landed there eighty-seven j-ears before. Macn-war. Antonio dc Britto and Garcias Henriques, Portuguese, who commanded on the Moluccas, were sent this year to discover the island of Celebes or Macassar. Those intrusted with this commission, in their endeavor, after fulfilling it, to regain the Moluccas, were driven off by the wind, and found themselves in sight of several islands, where they could not land, and called them Moy Islands.. I'cru. Diego de Almagro also sailed the same year from Panama to

join Pizarro, his associate in the conquest of Peru.

1526. Parana. Scbastiau Gabot, or Gabato, a Venetian, who had left the

Pariuiuay.

service of the king of England for that of the Catholic king, this year entered the Rio de Solis, which he named Rio de la Plata. He ascended the Parana, and even the Paraguay. The name of Silver River was given to this great stream from the fact that on the banks of the Paraguay he found much silver in the hands of some Indians : he believed this silver to be de- rived from that country, whereas the Indians had taken it from some Portuguese of Brazil, returning from the province of los Charcas, on the IVontior of Peru. I have already noted that the Kio de la Plata proper is only the bay where tiie Parana, already united with the Paraguay, receives also the great river TTruguay.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

35

Martin Yniyufz do Cor(juiz;ui(i, u Spaiiiurtl, tin's hiuho year Mimiiinao. discovered the island Mindanao. Other Spaniards wim, in 1521, were going to the Moluccas, had already landed tliere, but

made no report.

1527.

Francis de Montejo, a Spaniard, appointed governor of Yu- Yucatan. catan, sailed this same year to reduce it, and found a colony there. All this was accomplished before the close of the en- suing year.

This same year, or a short time before, John Bermudez, a Bermuda. Spaniard, discovered a little island to which he gave his name. It is commonly written la Vermude in French, although some- times Bermude.

This same year Pizarro, after exploring about two hundred Quit"- leagues of the Peruvian coast, down to the port of Santa, be- yond the district of Quito, returned to Panama.

Bantam, in the island of Java, is conquered by Pedro Mas- Bantam, carenhas. This city was soon after restored to its king, on condition of his paying tribute to the king of Portugal.

About the same time, Edward Conil, a Portuguese, discov- stilts nf ered the islands and straits of Sunda. This captain was under the orders of Francis Sa, who had embarked to make the dis- covery, but whose vessel was driven off in a storm.

1528.

Expedition of Paniphilo de Narvaez, a Spaniard, to Florida. ApaiacUes On the 5tli of June, he discovered the country of the Apalaches.

The same year Andrew de Vidareta, a Spaniard, discovered New Guinea New Guinea, between Asia and America. It is not yet posi- tively known whether this country is a continent or an island. Yet some authors have pretended that it was recentlj' circum- navigated. John de Laet pretends that New Guinea was discovered in 1527 by Alvaro de Saavedra, who was driven there by a storm on his way from the Moluccas, to which Cor-

tez had sent him.

1529.

Discoveries of Ambrose Alfinger, a German, in the province Vcnozueia. of Venezuela, which had been granted by the Emperor Charles V. to the Velsers, rich Augsburg merchants.

36

HISTOKY OF NEW FRANCE.

Pern.

Culuacan.

1530.

Francisco Pizarro embarks at Nombre de Dios to continue the conquest of Peru. New GaMcia. The Same year Don Nuno de Guzman made several discov- eries in New Spain, on the Pacific side. Christopher de Oiiate, one of his captains, founds, by his order, the city of Guadala- xara, in New Galicia, one of these new discoveries, and which bears also the name Xalisco, its principal province. Guzman was a native of Guadalaxara, in Castile. At the same time he discovered the province of Culuacan.

About the same time Diego de Ordas, a Spaniard, discovered the province of Chiapa in New Spain.

Cbiapa,

Cartbagena.

1532.

Diego do Ordas soon after entered the Orinoco, and made discoveries ascending that river, which were continued in the years next following by other Spanish captains.

The same year Don Nuno de Guzman discovered the province of Cinaloa, in New Galicia.

About the same time Don Pedro de Heredia, a Spaniard, built the city of Carthagena. He gave it this name from its resemblance in position to Carthagena in Spain. The place was formerly called Calemori. Ojeda and Nicuessa had fought there with the native Indians.

1533- Peru. Francis Pizarro puts to death Atahualpa, king of Peru, and

extinguishes the empire of the Incas.

'534- Cuzco. The next year he enters and subdues the province of Cuzco.

Acapuico. The same year Hernan Cortez has the whole Pacific coast,

where Acapuico is situated, explored. Canada. The samc year Piiilip de Chabut, admiral of France, having

induced King Francis I. to resume the plan of discoveries begun by Verazani, commissioned Jacques Cartier, of St. Malo, an able pilot. Cartier embarked at St. Malo, April 20th, and reached Cape Bonavista, in Newfoundland, at 48° N., on the

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

37

lOth of May. Then running five leagues S.S.E., lie entered another port, which he named St. Catharine. Sailing south, he crossed the gulf, and entered a great bay, where he suffered much from heat, and called it Chaleurs Bay. Some memoirs say that the Spaniards had visited it before him, and it has certainly been sometimes called Bay of the Spaniards. He then coasted along a good part of the gulf, took possession of all the countries he had explored, and returned to France.

Canada.

Buenofl Ayree.

'535-

Francis Pizarro founds the city of Lima on Epiphany, and Lima, calls it Villa de los Reyes. It still bears the name in public acts. Lima is the name of the valley where it lies.

Peter de Mendoza, a Spaniard, built the city of Buenos Ayres, on the western bank of the La Plata. It was also called Villa de la Trinidad. It was twice abandoned, and not rebuilt, as it is at present, till 1582.

The same year Cortez, embarking in person, discovered Cali- California fornia, to which he gave the name of St. Philip. Till tlie com- mencement of the present century it was believed to be an island.

On the 19th of May this year, Jacques Cartier sailed from St. CanaJa. Malo to prosecute his discoveries. Entering, on the 10th of August, the gulf which he had explored the year before, he named it the St. Lawrence, in memory of the holy martyr whose feast is celebrated on that day. This name was subsequently extended to the river which empties into the gulf. The name Canada, which it bore, was that given by tlie Indians to the whole country.

On the 15th he discovered, at the mouth of the river, a very long island, called by the Indians Natiscotec, and he gave it the name of Assumption Island. It bears more commonly that of Anticosti, believed to come from the English. Cartier then ascended the river, and on the 1st of September, after advancing ninety leagues, found himself at the mouth of the Sugucuay, a great river coming from the north. He kept on up the river ninety leagues more, and arrived at Hochelaga, a great Indian town built on an island, at the foot of a minintaiii styled by

38

HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

ChllL

New Qraiijiiia,

Paraguay.

Cibola.

Florida.

Caiiforoia.

liim Mont Royal, now called Montreal. This name has ex- tended to the whole island. No other river is known which so long retains so great a width, or is so far navigable for the largest vessels. Ships of sixty guns can ascend to Quebec, one hundred and twenty leagues from the sea, and large barks can go sixty leagues further, to the island of Montreal.

1536-1537.

Diego de Almagro, one of the conquerors of Peru, discovers Chili.

Sebastian Belalcazar, a Spaniard, discovers the province of Popayan, which forms part of New Granada, commonly called Nucvo Reyno. He at the same time discovered the source of the great river Magdalena, the whole course of which was ex- plored some tiiqe after by Don Fernando de Lugo, admiral of the Canaries. This discovery, and that made by the same ad miral of the rest of New Granada, were not completed till the year following, 1537. Nicholas Ferderman, or Vredeman, a German, entered it the previous year, through Coriana, a can- ton of the province of Venezuela.

John de Ayola, a Spaniard, continues the exploration of the Paraguay, and the provinces lying on that river.

1538.

Father Mark de Niza, a Spanish (Italian) Franciscan, startr ing this year from St. Michael's of Culuacan, in New Galicia, discovered the kingdom of Cibola. No great account was made of the memoirs of this religious, but they led to new dis- coveries.

On the 12th of May, in this same year, Ferdinand de Soto sailed from Havana to complete the discovery, and effect the conquest of Florida. He acquitted himself well of the fii'st of these two projects, but after three years' wandering, died with- out conquering an inch of territory.

The same year Heriian Cortez, setting out for Spain, dis- patched Francis de Tello to coinplete the discovery of Califor- nia, aluuist all the western shore of which that Spanish captain coasted. He then made several other discoveries in those parts.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

39

•539-

Gonzales Pizarro, governor of (iiiito, the most northerly prov- ince of Peru, discovered the country of the Quixos, in the inte- rior of that province, and then styled it La Canela. Following up this expedition, Francisco Orellana, a lieutenant of Pizarro, having been sent to obtain provisions, discovered a great river, which he descended to the sea, without a thought of his com- mander. He gave his name to this river, afterwards known under the name of Amazon and Maragnon.

The same year Francis Vasquez Comoro, or Cornedo (Co- ronado), a Spaniard, sent by Don Antonio do Mendoza, viceroy of New Spain, to continue the discoveries in California, discov- ered the kingdoms of Cibola and Quivira.

Amflzon River.

Cibola. Qaivlra.

1541.

Peter de Valdivia continues the exploration of Chili, and chiiL made many settlements there.

This same year John Francis de la Roque, Seigneur dc can«aa. Roberval, a gentleman of Picardy, made a settlement on the island of Cape Breton, now Isle Royale, and sent a man named Alphonso to explore Canada, north of Labrador ; but we have no details of this voyage.

Anthony de Faria y Sousa, a Portuguese, at the same time discovered the kingdoms of Camboya (Cambodia) and Champea, the isle of Poulocondor, those of Lequios and Hainan, with some smaller ones, called Pucrtas de Liampo.

In fine, it was the same year that Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, a Spaniard, discovered the Luzon islands, already in part discov- ered by Magellan. He gave the whole Archipelago the name of Philippines, in honor of the Prince of Spain, afterwards

Pliilip II.

1542.

On the 6th of May, this year, St. Francis Xavier arrived at j«pan. Goa, and at the same time was discovered Japan, of which he was to be the first apostle. This discovery was made in the same year, at two diiferent points. Ferdinand Mendes Pinto, Diego Zeimotto, and Christopher Borello, at one place, and An- tonio Mota, Francisco Zimottn, and Antonio Pexota at another.

Camboya.

Champea. Lequios Islands. Hainan.

Pbiltpplnos.

40

mSTORT OF NEW FRANCE.

Japan. all Portuguese, readied it, without any knowledge of each other ; the former, from Macao, lauded at the island of Tanux- ima, whence Pinto penetrated to the kingdom of Bungo. The latter, starting from the island of Macassar, were driven by a storm into the port of Cangoxima, in the kingdom of Saxuma. None of them set down the day or month of their arrival ; but from Pinto's narrative he evidently reached Japan in May. These aje the same islands mentioned by Marco Polo, of Venice, under the name of Zipangu.

Settlements and new discoveries in the new kingdom of Granada by Ferdinand Perez de Quesada.

The same year Alvar Nunez Cabesa de Vaca founded for the second time the city of Buenos Ayi-es : ascended the Parana and Paraguay, and made some settlements in those prov- inces.

About the same time John Ruys Cabrillo, a Portuguese, in the service of Charles V., made some discoveries on the coast of California. He reached a cape at 44° N., which he named Mendocino, in honor of Don Antonio de Mcndoza, viceroy of New Spain. Our French maps call it Cap Men- doce. Tucuman. Discovcry of Tucuman by Diego de Rojas, a Spaniard.

New Granada.

Paraguay.

Cape Mendo- cino.

Florida. Mississippi.

1543- Luis de Moscoso de Alvarado, successor to Ferdinand de Soto, who died at the mouth of the Red River, in the Micissipi, and whose body was cast into that river, descended it to the sea. Garcilasso de la Vega, in his History of the Conquest of Florida, gives this river the name of Cucagua, and the Span- iards of Florida even now call it La Palizada.

1S4S- Potoei. The mines of Potosi in this year discovered by Villaroel, a Spaniard, who began this year to work them.

1546.

Philippines. Miguel Lopez de Lagaspi, a Biscayan, began this year to make settlements in the Philippines.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

41

1548.

Nuslo de Chavez, a Spaniard, discovcrfi several provinces BantaCniz do west of the La Plata and Paraguay, and founds the first city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. It was afterwards removed more northward, and became the capital of one of the four govern- ments into which Paraguay is divided. The other three are, Tucuman, on the south ; Assumption of Paraguay, on the east ; and Rio de la Plata, south of this last.

1549-

In this year settlements were begun in Tucuman, and the Tucuman. neighboring provinces.

1552.

Juan de Villagas, a Spaniard, governor of the province of Venezuela for the Velscrs, discovers all the territory where New Segovia was afterwards built.

New Jegovia.

'553-

First attempt to find a northern passage to China by Sir wiiinp-s, 01 Hugh Willoughby, an Englishman. This knight was forced by ' Land. ^ " stress of weather into Arzena, a port in Lapland, where he and all his crew perished with cold. His journals showed, that having ascended to 12° N., he saw a land which on some maps bears his name ; some call it Willop's Land, but useless efforts were made to find it at the point indicated ; it was west of Nova Zembla, then unknown.

Mines of TT Santa Barlmra ■tie ant) Sftn Juan. New Biscay.

1554-

Francis de Ybarra, a Spaniard, discovers the mines of Santa Barbara and San Juan, and several others in New Biscay, made, subsequently, several settlements in the provinces of Tapia and Oinaloa, which, as well as New Biscay, belong to New Galicia;

1555-

Nicholas Durand de Villegagnon, a Frenchman, knight of French in Malta, sailed May 14th, this year, from Havre de Grace, to go

42

HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

French in Brazil.

Waeisatz.

Nova ZembUi.

and found a settlement in Brazil, and on the 10th of November he reached Rio Janeiro, which the natives of the countrj- called Ganabara. He there founded a French colony, composed en- tirely of Hug-uenots, but which did not subsist long after he himself abandoned it, and re-entered the bosom of the Catholic Church.

1556.

Stephen Barrow, an Englishman, seeking a northern pas- sage to Cliina, discovered Waeigatz Straits, between the south- ern part of Nova Zembla and the country of Samoyeds. He imagined a gulf east of the strait to be an open sea, and thought that he had discovered the desired passage, but the failure of subsequent attempts shows his error

French In Florida.

1562.

Jean de Riband, a Frenchman, sails from Dieppe, with a commission from Admiral Coligni, to form a settlement in Flor- ida. He anchored first at a cape, which he called Cap Fran- cois, at about 30° N. This was the same place where Vera- zani landed on his second voyage. On the 1st of May he en- tered a river which he called May River, where he planted the arms of France. He then reconnoitred the coast for sixty leagues, always ascending northward, and afterwards discov- ered several otjicr rivers, to which he gave the name of rivers in France. At last, reaching the most distant, which he called Charles Fort Port Royal, he built a fort there, and called it Charles Fort. It was quite near the present city of Charleston, in South Carolina.

1564.

Rene de Laudonniere, a Frenchman, arrived in French Flor- ida, which had been abandoned the j-ear before by the settlers whom Riband had left. On the 29th of June he entered May River, and built a fortress, which he called Caroline.

LBn(1onnler& Carolino.

Cebu.

1565.

Michael Liipez de Lagaspi built a city, Cebu, on tlic island of tliat name, the first of the Philippines discovered In' Magellan.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 43

1567.

Ou tlie 10th of January, 1567, Alvaro de Mcndafia, cousin of Soionjnu's the licentiate Castro, governor of Peru, sailed from Callao, hav- ing as chief pilot Hernan de Gallego. After running eighteen hundred leagues west, he discovered at 1° 30' S. a very large island, and anchored in a port which he named Santa Isabel de la Estrella. He remained there some time, and sent to explore several neighboring islands of different sizes. He saw one, among others, apparently very large, of which he explored only the north shore. He named the first that he saw St. Elizabeth's, estimating its length at about ninety- five leagues, and the second Guadalcanar. He gave names to several others of the neighboring islands, and the whole group was styled Solomon's Islands. The history of the Mar- quis de Canete, viceroy of Peru, may be consulted on the subject.

1571.

Foundation of Manilla, in the island of Luzon. It is now the Manilla. capital of the Philippines.

'574-

Discovery in the Pacific of the islands of Juan Fernandez, so islands of called after their Spanish discoverer. They are commonly """de""'"' reckoned as two, although maps lay down two others to the north, under the names of St. Felix and St. Ambrose, which are sometimes also included in the group of islands of Juan Fernan- dez. The formiir lie at 34° S., opposite Chili. The Spaniards call the one towards the land Isla de Tierra, the outer one Isla de Fuerra, and both, Desaventuradas — that is to say, the Unfor- tunate. De Laet apparently thought these two islands and the other two to be the same.

1576.

StralU

Sir Martin Frobisher, an Englishman, discovered a strait FroWjiicr's that bears his name between the north of Greenland and a large island to the south. He took back ores to Eng- land.

44 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

»577- Frobisher'a Frobisbcr, in a second voyage to the same seas, made sev- Voyage, eral discoveries beyond bis strait, and gave them names still retained on maps.

1578.

We^t Frobisher's third voyage. He sailed from England on the

last day of May with fifteen vessels. On the 20th of June be reconnoitred West Friselaud, and took possession in the name of Queen Elizabeth, after giving it the name of West England. He assumed it to be the same land which the Venetian brothers, Zani, bad styled Fridsland.

1579- New Albion. Francis Drake, an Englishman, discovered New Albion, north Anian. of California. The English pretend that it forms one continent with the Strait of Yesso ; but New Albion is now quite com- monly believed to be fabulous. Drake also assured Queen Eliz- abeth that he, this same year, entered the Straits of Anian for twenty leagues. People are not agreed as to the situation of this strait, of which accounts differ. But if it does exist, it is ap- parently east of Yesso, and but little distant from that country.

1580.

New English Arthur Patt and Charles Jackman, Englishmen, by order of rcaciTi'iiina Queen Elizabeth, followed the same route taken by Stephen Barrow twenty-four years before. They pass Waeigatz Straits, enter the sea east of that strait, and find it so covered with ice that, after encountering great dangers, they are compelled to return without effecting any thing. Being afterwards separated in a storm, Patt was never heard of.

by the Nortb.

1582.

New Friar Augustine Ruyz, a Spanish Franciscan, having in 1580

and 1581 made several discoveries to the north of New Spain, Anthony de Espcjo, a Spaniard, continues them, discovers more than fifteen provinces, and gives all this great country the name of New Mexico

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 45

1583-

Gilbert Humphrey, an English knight, sailed for Newfound- Newfound- land at the instance of Walsingliam, secretary of state ; he takes possession in the name of Queen Elizabeth, and estab- lishes the cod-fishery, from which England has derived more profit than she would if the island had been filled with gold mines. Moreover, no men are lost in this trade, and nothing contributes more to make good sailors.

Richard Grenville, an Englishman, by order of Queen Eliza- English in beth, made a settlement in Florida, a little below S. Juan de Pinos. It did not last long.

1584, 1585.

Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow, Englishmen, sent by Sir Virginia. Walter Raleigh, sailed in March, 1584, and landed on Roanoke Island. On their return to England, they spoke so well of the country that Queen Elizabeth gave it the name of Virginia, to immortalize the memory of her celibacy. A settlement was made the next year on Roanoke Island ; but it did not last, the country not proving as good as was at first supposed. The name of Virginia did not attach to it, for Roanoke is in North Carolina.

The same year, 1585, John Davis, an Englishman, was ordered by Queen Elizabeth to continue Sir Martin Frobisher's discov- eries, which he did successfully in this and the following years.

1586.

After several discoveries in what was then called the Sea of cape Desoia- Estotiland, he advanced to a cape where he encountered many storms, and ran great danger. He called it Cape Desolation.

1587.

He discovered a strait, to which he gives his name, and Pnvis' which still retains it. ®"'"^

1589.

Pedro de Sarmiento, a Spaniard, sent by Don Francisco de Toledo, viceroy of Peru, against Sir Francis Drake, who was

46 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE

Discoveries closolatiiig all the Pafitic, discovers all the coast from 49° S. to

towanis ill Strrtits ol Mai^ollan,

Straits of the Straits of Mag'cllau, which he passed. He everywhere took

lands.

possession of the country for the crown of Castile.

.1590.

Davis' Most English authors place in this year the discovery of

Cumberland Davis' Straits. This strait is betweea Greenland and an island

Island.

called, by Davis, Cumberland Island.

1591.

Hudson's It is pretended that this year Frederic Anschild, a Dane, win- °'^' tered in Hudson's Bay, drove an extensive trade for furs, and returned richly laden to Denmark, but without making any set- tlement.

1593- Southern Sir Richard Hawkins, an Englishman, having undertaken to circumnavigate the globe, discovered, southwest of Magellan's Straits, at 48° S., a great land extending on the one side be- yond Le Maire's Straits, and on the other till opposite the Cape of Good Hope. He also ascertained, it is said, that the land south of Magellan's Straits is only a collection of islands.

1594.

Count Maurice of Nassau having taken up the project aban- doned by the English of discovering a northern passage-way to China, dispatched three vessels, under the command of Corne- lius Cornelisznay, who sailed in the Swan of Veer, in Zealand ; the second vessel, named the Mercury, of Enchuysen, was com- manded by Brandt Ysbrandtz, of Tergalos ; and the third, the liot, of Amsterdam, had as captain William Barentsz, of Ter Schellings, burgomaster of Amsterdam. John Huyghens van Linschooten was clerk on the Mercury, and has given us a journal of this voyage. They sailed from Texel June 5. On the 24th they made Isle Kildoyn, where they anchored. It is about 69° 40' N. They made then rendezvous for their return, and the Bot of Amsterdam parted company to go in the direc- tion of Nova Zembla, which was already known, but the dis- covery of which is by some geograjihcrs incorrectly assigned to

Nassau Straits.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 47

Barcntsz, wlio commanded tin's vcshcI. On the 21st of July Maurice the two vessels perceived a hind, which, according to tlieir opinions, should be Waeigatz Island or land, and on the 22d au opening which they took for a strait of the same name. They entered and called it Nassau Strait. They encountered great danger here from the ice. Leaving this they entered the Sea of Tartary, and found it so beautiful that they had no doubt but that it must lead them to China and Japan. Tiiey ad- vanced beyond tliQ mouth of the river Oby ; then retracing their course, and repassing Nassau Straits, they anchored on the 16th of August north of an island which they called Maurice Island. Here Barentsz joined them, having run up to 78°, and explored most of the Nova Zembla coast. Ice had prevented his further progress, and he was seeking a southern passage. Cornelis told him that he believed he had discovered one by Nassau Strait. North of Maurice Island was another, which was named Orange Island. These islands are at about 69° 30'. The land beyond the gulf, eastward, was styled New West Friesland, Waeigatz Island was called Enchuysen Island, and the whole country south of the Straits of Nassau, as far as the Oby, was called New Holland. On the I5th of September they anchored at Texel.

'595-

Alvaro de Mendana sailed on the 11th of April from Calhio Marquesas". in four vessels for Solomon's Islands, bearing as first pilot isiasde'santa Peter Hernau de Quiros. After sailing more than 1,100 leagues west, they discovered at about 10° several inconsiderable islands, which they named the Marquesas de Mendoza ; holding still west, they came to more small islands, and at last, on Sep- tember 7th, reached a large one, where they landed in a bay, and called it Graciosa. During their stay on the island they explored the coast. It seemed to them about 300 leagues in circuit. They discovered several islands near the large one, which they styled Islands de Santa Cruz.

Sir Walter Raieig'h's cx})edition to Guiana and discoveries. ouiana.

The three oflicers named in the article 1594 sailed fnmi Texel July 2, in seven vessels, to continue their explorations, but meeting much ice, they returned to Holland witli fainter hope of linding what they sought.

48 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

1596.

Spitzbergen. William Barentsz undertakes to pass to China north of Nova Zembla ; but after discovering Spitzbergen, which he took to be an island, and which the English regard as part of Greenland, he lost his ship in the ice, and wintered in Nova Zembla. He then endeavored to reach Cola, in Lapland, but died on the way, still convinced that twenty leagues north of Nova Zembla there is no ice, nor any thing to pre- vent a ship penetrating to China. In fact, if we may credit the author of the account of the shipwreck of a Dutch ship in 1653, on Quelpaerts Island, who states that whales were found in the sea of Corea still bearing in their body Gascon harpoons, such as are used in the whale-fishery on the coast of Greenland, we cannot doubt the justness of Barentsz's con- jecture.

1598.

Sebsid de Jamos Mahu, Simon de Corde, Sobald de Wert, and some isiani]. other Hollanders, attempting to pass through the Straits of Ma- gellan, were forced by head winds to return, without any of them reaching the Pacific except the ship which carried Wil- liam Adams, an Englishman, as first pilot of the squadron, and which was wrecked on the eastern shore of Japan. Sebald de Wert, on leaving the straits, discovered, February 24th, three islands, which bear his name. He puts the lati- tude at 50° 50' S. Some authors assign this discovery to the year 1600. Babie Island. The Marquis de la Roche, a Breton, receiving from Henry icadia. jy^ ^j- Pj.^^pp^ ^ commission to continue the explorations be- gun by Jacques Cartier, discovered, this same year. Sable Island and a part of the coast of Acadia. It is pretended that Sir Humphrey Gilbert, already mentioned, lost three ships on Sable Island in 1581.

1599.

Now Mexico. John dc Oiiate makes extensive conquests in New Mexico. He builds the city of Sau Juan, and discovers a number of mines.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 49

1602.

The States-General consolidate into one all the separate mer- Dutch E«9t cantile companies, and form from them the famous Dutch East India Company.

1604.

Pierre de Guast, Sieur de Montz, and Samuel de Champlain, Acidia. Frenchmen, complete the exploration of Acadia, begun by the Marquis de la Roche ; then discover the southern coast of Canada, which is separated from Acadia by the Bay of Fundy. They made a settlement the same year on Isle de St. Croix. The next winter, Champlain pushed his explorations beyond Pentogoet (Penobscot).

1605.

Continuing their discoveries, they explore the Quinibequi, or capo Maie- Canibequi (Kennebec), the river of the Canibas, an Abenaki cape Co<l nation, then Cape Malebare, opposite a cape which the French call Cap Blanc, and the English, Cape Cod, near which has since been built the city of Boston (pronounced by the French Baston), now the capital of New England. Champlain planted a cross on Cape Malebare, and took possession in the name of his royal master.

1606.

Peter Ferdinand de Quiros, a Spanish captain, sailed from Terra do

Callao, December 21, 1605, in two vessels, to discover southern lands. He steered W. S. W., and January 26, 1606, in latitude 25° S., 1,000 leagues from the coast of Peru, he descried an island of about four leagues circuit. lie saw several other islands and extensive lands in a space of about 400 leagues, detached, however, and separated from each other, and running up to about 10 or 11° S. It is therefore incorrect in geogra- phers to set down in this place a continuous coast of about 800 leagues in length.

He tlicn steered west, aijd ou April 25th discovered a great continent, which he named Tierra Austral del Espiritu Santo. He anchored in several ports wliieli lie named. This is com- monly called Tierra de Quiros. vol,. I. — 4

Quiros.

50 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Terra do It IS easy to sce that these lands are south of the eastern

Quiros.

point of New Guinea, and form the eastern shore of the land

of Carpentaria.

1607.

Virginia. John Smith, an Englishman, explores Chesapeake Bay, and the river Powhatan, which empties into it. On this river he built a fort, which has become a city, named Jamestown, now the capital of Virginia. He also gave the river the name of James, in honor of James I., king of Great Britain, but its former name is more in use. The Ptitch This same year the Dutch expelled the Portuguese from Am- indics. boj'iia, one of the great Moluccas, and made their first settle- ment in the Bast Indies.

1608.

Quebec. On the third of July, in this year, Samuel de Champlain

founded the city of Quebec, capital of New France, on the

northern shore of the river St. Lawrence, 120 leagues from

the sea, between a little river which bears the name of St.

Charles, and a large cape called Cape Diamond, because a

quantity of diamonds, like those of Alenjon were then found

there. The Indians gave this place the name Quebeio, or

Quelibec, which in Algonquin and Abenaki means a narrowing

in, because the river there narrows in till it is only a mile

wide ; whereas just below Isle Orleans — that is to say, ten

leagues further down — it still maintains a breadth of four or

five leagues.

1609.

New York Henry Hudson, an Englishman, after running along the coasts of Virginia and New England, found Cape Cod to be twenty leagues further west than he supposed. He then dis- covered, at 40° N., a large bay, in which emptied a great river, which he called Manliatte, from the name of the Indians whom he found there. This captain was in the service of the Dutch, who were for some time in possession of that country, which they styled New Nctlierland. Tlic city of Manhattan and Fort Orange were built by them on the same river. This country now bears the name of New York, and belongs to the English, who gave the same name also to the city of Manhattan.

CIIRONOLOaiCAL TABLES.

8 opposed

northern

route.

Hudson's Bay and Slrulls.

Iroqunis.

Lake

Cbamplain.

Kid del

Norte.

We read in some niemoirs, that in 1009 a vessel clearing- from Acapuico, a Mexican port on the Pacific, was surprised by a violent storm, in wliich it lost its route ; that after two months it found itself at Dublin, in Ireland, wlience it proceeded to Lisbon, but that the king of Spain ordered all the journals of the pilots to be burned, so as to deprive all foreigners of a knowledge of the route followed by this ship, which is supposed to have gone by the nortliern route, above Canada.

In fine, this same year, Henry Hudson and William BafBns, Englislunen, penetrated very far to the northwest aliove Can- ada, where the next year they discovered, as the English pre- tend, the countries which still bear their names ; but they certainly made no settlement there ; and Nelson, Hudson's jiilot, certainly did not then take possession of what the Eng- lish call Port Nelson, on the western shore of Hudson's Bay.

1611.

Samuel de Champlain penetrates into the country of the Iro- quois, and discovers a great lake, which still bears his name.

Don Juan de Onate, a Spaniard, discovers the Rio del Norte, called by some the Rio Colorado, and the lake of the Conibas, above New Mexico.

At the same time, Thomas Button, an Englisluiian, discov- Button's Bay ered, north of Canada, a great country, which he called New Wales. He next explored all the bay which bears his name ; then Diggs' Laud ; and, finally, anotlier very vast country, which he called Cary's Swan's Nest.

1612.

James Hall, an Englishman, discovers Cockin's Straits at G5° cockin'a N., above Canada.

1613.

Some Englishmen discovered an island to tlie north of Green- Hope laiaji.i. land, which they called Hope Island. Some suppose it to be identical with that discovered by Willoughby in lu53 ; but this does not seem to be so.

1615.

Samuel de Champlain enters the country of the Hurons in Unroua. Canada, and spends tlie winter exploring it.

52

HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

New Nether- land.

AscensiuD Islaod,

Le Maire'8 iStraita.

This same year tlie Dutch began to settle Manhattan Island, and gave the country the name of New Nctherland.

On the 14th of June, William Schouten and James or Jacob

le Maire, Dutchmen, sailed from Texel to seek a new passage to

the Pacific, and on the 3d of November discovered Ascension

Island, said by Schouten, iu his journal, to be one of Martin

Vaes' islands, but I cannot find when or by whom these were

discovered.

1616.

On the 25th of January, Schouten and Le Maire found them- selves at the mouth of a strait, south of Magellan's. Of the two lands bordering on this strait, they called that on their left, to the E. S. E., Statcn Land, and that on their right, to the west, Maurice von Nassau's Land. The same day they entered the strait. On the' 29th they discovered several small islands, which they called Barneveld's Islands, in honor of John Van Ordon Barneveld, counsellor-pensioner of Holland and West Friesland. The same day they perceived a cape, which Schouten calls Cape Horn, from the name of his birthplace. On the 12th of February they found themselves through the strait, which they called Straits of Le Maire, because Isaac le Maire, Jacob's father, was the chief owner in the venture. Returning to Europe by way of the Moluccas, they discovered several islands, chiefly inhabited, and all the northern coast of New Guinea. On their arrival in Holland, after circumnavi- gating the globe, they found that they were reckoning a day short of the right time, for, according to their count, it was Monday, when it was, in fact, Tuesday. Edgar-aisle. This Same year Thomas Edgar, an Englishman, discovered, north of Greenland, an island, to which he gave his name.

Wiehes' Island.

1617.

Another island, north of Greenland, discovered by an Eng- lishman named Wiches, who gave it his name.

Source of the Nile.

1618.

Father Peter Pais, or Paez, a Portuguese Jesuit, having gone to the kingdom of Gojam in the suite of the emperor of the Abyssinians, discovered the source of the Nile.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 53

To this year is assigned the discovery of New Ilulland, ([iiile Nuw iiuUai.a. near the Austral Lands. It is still doubted wiiethor they do not connect with each other, as well as with the lands of Janz Tasmeu, Van Diemen, New Zealand, Carpentaria, and New Guinea. The first part of New Holland discovered was called liand of Concord.

1619.

John Munk, a Dane, undertaking to seek a northwest pas- New Din- sage to China, above Canada, keeping Frobisher's route, ran up chriBtiana to 64° N., where he was arrested by the ice. lie wintered in a bay, giving his name to a river emptying into it. He then called this sea Christiana Sea, and all the country which he discovered New Denmark.

Edel's Land, discovered in New Holland, bears apparently EdersLand. its discoverer's name.

1620.

Father Jerome de Angelis, a Sicilian Jesuit, enters the land Yesso. of Yesso, which no European had previously reached. He went by sea, and landed at the city of Matsuniay. He then took this country to be a continent.

Batavia founded by the Dutch, in the island of Java, on the Batavia. ruins of the ancient city of Jacatra.

Some Englishmen, sailing from Plymouth in the month of New riy- September in this year, found New Plymouth, the first city in New England.

1621.

Father de Angelis, having returned to Matsumay, believed Yesso. on this second voyage, yet without afiSrming it, that this city was on an island The Japanese also seem to be of this opinion.

1622.

William Baffins, according to the most general opinion, dis- unffin's Bay. covered in this year, and not in IGIT, as some suppose, the bay bearing his name, north of Davis' Straits. u.win-s

Discovery of Lewin's Land, in New Holland. ^"''-

54 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

1624. Source of Father Anthony de Audrada, a Portuguese Jesuit, discovers

the Ganges.

Thibet the source of the Ganges, and then Thibet. Marco Polo, of Venice, spoke of two Thibets, which adjoined, but their situa- tion was unknown. It was Greater Thibet that Father de Andrada discovered.

1625.

Cayenne. First Settlement of the French in the island of Cayenne. They have been several times driven out by the Dutch, but since the year 1677, when the Count d'Etrees retook it, it has remained theirs, with all the mainland of Guiana Proper.

SL Christo- This same year some French and English landed on the island of St. Christophers the same day, at different points, unaware of each other, and settled there. They were shortly after driven out by the Spaniards, but soon returned. The French then began a settlement on the island of St. Eustatius, and soon after others in the neighboring islands.

phers.

1627.

Nu>-t'ai.ana. Peter de Nuyts, a Dutchman, discovers, between New Hol- land and New Guinea a land which bears his name. All these countries are still very little known.

1631.

New Discov- Captain James, an Englishman, discovers several lands north "'caZa "' of Hudson's Bay. He called all at the mouth of the bay New South Wales. He then named Cape Henrietta Maria, Lord Weston's Island, Earl Bristol's Island, Sir Thomas Roe's Island, Earl Danby's Island, and Charleston Island. The last is at 52° N.

1633- Maryland. Cccil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, an English Catholic, having obtained from Charles I., king of Great Britain, a grant of a large territory north of Chesapeake Bay, between Virginia and Carolina, sent his son thither, who this year began a settle- ment. The country was named Maryland, in honor of Mary of France, queen of England.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 65

1637. '38. '39-

Two Franciscan friars, Dominic de Britto and Andrew du The Amazon. Toledo, starting from Quito, embarked on a river quite near there, and letting the current bear them on, at last entered the Amazon, which they descended to the sea. On their report, which does not give much light, Don Pedro de Texeyra started from Para, a province in Brazil, on the 25th of December, in the same year, to ascend the river, of which he acquired a better knowledge.

The Spanish wishing to know more fully the course of this great river, the governor of Quito induced Fathers Christopher de Acuiia and Andrew de Artieda, Jesuits, to accompany Don Pedro Texeyra on his return to Para. These two missionaries, after an exact observation of the whole country watered by this great river and its branches, went to Spain to give an account to the Spanish monarch. We have the journal of this voyage by Father de Acufia, translated into French by M. de Gromberville, of the French Academy. I have already observed that Father de Acufia was mistaken in laying down on his map a river, or rather an arm issuing from this river, under the name of Marnaon, and emptying in the Bay of Maranham, in Brazil.

Many errors had till now prevailed as to the source of this great river, which was supposed to be near Quito, but they liad taken the head-waters of a branch for those of the main stream. Father Samuel Fritz, a German Jesuit, in 1107, discovered it in Peru, in a lake called Laurichoca, near the city of Guanuco, at 11" S. According to this missionary, the true name of this river, of which he has given us a very fine map {Leitres Edi- fiantes et Curieuses, vol. xii.), is Marafion. After leaving its source, it runs north about a hundred leagues, then turns east, and empties into the Atlantic by eighty-four mouths, which occupy a breadth of eighty-four leagues. He adds, that it keeps its water fresh more than thirty leagues out at sea.

Foundation of New Sweden and of the town of Ghristiiia, NcwSwi-aon. between Virginia and New Yurk, then called Now Nctliorland, and occupied by the Dutch. The latter had settlements even in New Sweden, when the Swedes arrived, and these two

56 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Tranrer natioDS at first lived there very tranquilly. The Dutch devoted

of Swedish 1 ■ ■ c \

rights to the themselves to trade, and tlie Swedes to the cultivation of the

Dutch.

earth. After some time they became antagonists ; but in 1655, John Risingh, the Swedish governor, transferred all his rights to Peter Stuyvesant, governor for the United Provinces.

1642. VanDiemen's Discovery of Van Diemeu's Land and Tazmania, by Abel Taz-

Land anil

Taztiiajiia. mauu, a Dutchman. It is pretended that the north shore of the former had been discovered by another Dutchman, named Zechaen.

Madagaacar. This samc year the French went to Madagascar, and settled. They gave this island the name of Dauphin Island, but they abandoned it some years after.

1643- ■ .

Bronwer'B Brouwer's Passage, east of Le Maire's Strait, between Staten

Land and another great land, bears the name of its discoverer.

It is called simply Passage, because it is not yet known

whether it is a new strait, or whether it re-enters Le Maire's.

Tessn. The same year, Martin Heritzoon, of Vriez, a Dutchman, un-

Vriez. dcrtook, in the Castricoom, a ship of the Dutch India Company,

Isles of tlie 1- T

States. to explore the country of Yesso. Ascendiui? above Japan to

The Com- 1- ^ o 1

pany-sLand. about 45° N., he discovcrcd two lands separated by a strait

fourteen leagues wide, to which he gave his name, and which

is still called Straits of Vriez. One of the lauds bordering

on it was named Isles of tlie States, the other, The Company's

Land.

1656.

HudsoD's Sieur Bourdon, an inhabitant of New France, sent to the ^^' northward by the governor-general, entered Hudson's Bay, where nobody that we know had yet penetrated, and took pos- session in the name of the Most Christian king.

1660. Carolina. Cliarlcs II., king of Great Britain, granted to George Monk, duke of Albemarle, and five other English noblemen, that part of Florida which extends from Virginia to what is now called New Georgia. They divided the country among theni, and gave it the name of Carolina.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

57

1667. Zacliary Ghillam, an Englishman, having run up Baflfin's Bay Hadson's

Bay.

to 75° N., ran down to the bottom of Iludscju's Bay, entered a river which, rising in Canada, empties there, and which he named Rupert's River. A few years before, some Englishmen had ascended the river to Lake Nemiscau.

1668. Two Danish ships tried to form a settlement north of Hud- Danish River, son's Bay, and discovered a river, which they called Danish River. Its mouth is at 59°. They abandoned it the next year.

1671.

Hudson's Bay.

Father Charles Albanel, a French Jesuit, and Sieur Denis de St. Simon, a Canadian gentleman, sent by the governor-general of New France to the north of Canada, reach Hudson's Bay by a hitherto untried path, and take possession in the name of the French king.

1673.

Father Peter (James) Marquette, a French Jesuit, and Sieur Miseissippi. Joliet, an inhabitant of New France, discover the Mississippi. They entered it by the river Ouisconsing, which empties into it, rising in Canada, and descended it to the Arkansas.

1674.

Fathers Grillet and Bechamel, French Jesuits, penetrate to the interior of Guiana, to the west of the island Cayenne, where no European had yet gone, and make many discoveries.

1675.

About this time, Father Cyprian Baraza, a Spanish Jesuit, entered the country of the Moxos, situated between 10° and 15° S., in the interior of Peru. A Jesuit brother, named del Castillo, had made an expedition there before that missionary. Father Baraza was assured that there was a country to the east of Moxos, inhabited by warlike women. He then entered the country of the Baures, which bounds that of the Moxos, and was martyred there in 1682, after having founded a great number of missions in these vast provinces.

Guiana.

Moxos. Baures.

58 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

1676.

Attempt to Captain Jolin Wood and William Hawes, Englishmen, wish- em passase to ing to foUow the passage indicated by Barentsz to reach China by the north, were arrested by the ice. Wood pretends in his journal that there is no passage between Nova Zembla and Greenland, and that these two lands are but the same main- land ; for, says he, if there were a passage there would be a regular current ; and he found only a tide, rising about eight feet, and running E. S. E.

1680. Micissippi. Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, a native of Rouen, having

Island lit Bar- > n

badoes. undcrtakeu to continue the exploration of the Micissippi, sent a Canadian named Dacan, accompanied by Father Louis Henne- pin, a Flemish Recollect, to ascend this river from the Illinois River to its source. These two travellers went to 46° N., and were stopped by high falls, which extend entirely across the river, and which they named the Falls of St. Anthony of Padua. That same year, and the next. Captain Sharp, a Hollander, having endeavored in vain to pass to the Pacific by the Straits of Magellan, the Straits of Le Maire, and Brouwer's Passage, Bought a more southerly route, and found several ice-covered islands, much snow, and numbers of whales. After stopping some time on an island, which he called Duke of York's Island, he ran more than eight hundred leagues to the eastward, then as far west, and discovered an island, to which he gave the name of Barbadoes.

1681.

Pennsyiva- Establishment of Pennsylvania, in the country which had borne the name of New Sweden. This country received its name from its founder, Sir William Penn, an Englishman, to whom Charles II., king of Great Britain, granted the country in 1680, and who, this year, 1681, led there some Quakers from England, of whom he was the chief When he arrived there, he found a great number of Dutch and Swedes. The former were chiefly settled along the gulf, and the latter on the banks of the Delaware, or South River. It seems from one of his

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES.

59

Lai]rune Isl&udB.

letters that he was not satisfied with the Dutch ; but he says chara.:t..r of that the Swedes were a simple, hardy, laborious people, without malice, caring little for abundance, and contenting themselvi/s with what was necessary.

Anthony de Saravia, first governor of the Marian Islands, took possession of them in the name of the Catholic king, on the island of Gu3,iian, which is the chief one. Magellan hud discovered these islands in 1521, and had called them, first, the Archipelago of St. Lazarus, then the Ladrone Islands, because some of the islanders, who had never seen iron, stole from him some iron tools. In 1563 the admiral Don Miguel Lopez de Lagaspe took possession in the name of the king of Spain, but made no settlement. They were then called Islas de la Velas, because whenever the islanders perceived Spanish ships, they went off in great numbers to take them fresh provisions, so that the sea seemed covered with little craft driven by sails. In 1668, Father Diego Luis do San Vitores, a Spanish Jesuit, ac- companied by several other religious of his order, entered and converted so many, that, in 1671, the principal inhabitants put themselves under the protection of the Catholic king. At the landing of Father de San Vitores, these islands were called Marian Islands, in honor of Mariana of Austria, queen of Spain. At last, on the 8th of September, 1681, Anthony de Saravia received the oath of fidelity of the governors and principal officers of the island of Guahan, and the others soon after fol- lowed its example. Father de San Vitores had previously, in 1672, bedewed the isle of Guahau with his blood, and thus crowned his apostolic career by a glorious martyrdoni.

1682.

The Sieur de la Salle descends the Mississippi to the sea, and Louisiana, takes possession in the name of the Most Christian king of all the countries watered by that great river, giving them the name of Louisiana. This province, which now forms a govern- ment independent of that of New France, is bounded on the north by the mouth of the Illinois River, which empties into the Mississippi.

The same year two Frenchmen, settlers of New France, named des Groselliers and Radisson, discovered the Bourbon

Bourbon Elver.

60 HISTORY OF NEW PRANCE,

8t Teresa and St. Teresa rivers, which empty togetlier in a little bay on

Port Nelson, the west side of Hudson's Bay, at 56° N. The English call the

bay Port Nelson, pretending that Nelson, Henry Hudson's pilot,

discovered it in 1611, and took possession in the name of the

English crown ; but this is not likely.

1684.

Tessa A Japanese ship, sent by the emperor of Japan to explore all

the country of Yesso, entered the channel supposed to separate the isle of Matmanska or of Matsuraay from the continent of Yesso. The captain observing that the current always ran north, while from the report of Father de Angelis that west of Yesso always runs south, concluded, as that missionary had, that the sea communicates with another. Since that time, but in what year is not stated, another Japanese vessel was sent out with the same object, and the commander, perceiving a large continent, ran up to it, and wintered in a harbor which he found. On his return he reported that the land stretched far away to the northeast, and he conjectured that it was the con- tinent of America. Kumfcciiatka. Siucc the last discoveries of the Russians, it is believed that the land of Yesso is the southern part of Kamtschatka, which forms one mainland with Siberia. Some, however, place Kamt- schatka northeast of Yesso, which does not seem to agree with what the Russians say, that the southern part of this great country is inhabited by the Kurilskis, originally Japanese, and tributaries of the emperor of Japan.

i6g6.

Paiaoa On the 28tli of December, in this year, some unknown sav-

ages landed on Samal, one of the Pintados islands, depending on the Philippines. They had been driven there by a storm. They found two women of their nation, shipwrecked there some years before, and one of them had already been obliged to laud in the same way on Caragena Island, near Mindanao. It was ascertained from them that the islands were called Palaos ; that they were thirty-two in number ; and they gave their names, size, and distance apart. They lie east of the Philip- pines, and northeast of the Moluccas. It was at first believed

Islands.

can Islanda,

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 61

that it was one of these islands that a Spanish captain saw in pai».« 1686, and called Caroline, in honor of Charles II., king of Spain, and which others have called St. Barnabas Island, from its being discovered on the day assigned for the festival of that martyr ; but the sequel showed this to be an error. The lan- guage of the islanders in question is very different from that of the ancient inhabitants of the Philippines, and even from that of the Marian Islands, which are nearer, and are the Ladrones, or Archipelago of St. Lazarus. Their pronunciation ajiproaches that of the Arabs. They have been called the New Philippines, but attempts made in 1710 and 1111 to explore them failed, and cost the lives of several Jesuits who perished, some at sea, others as they landed on islands of the group.

1700.

The name of New Islands has been given to several lands New. or Ani- first made known in this year, and situated at 51° and 52° ; about fifty or fifty-five leagues N. N. E. of the Straits of le Maire. The Maurepas and St. Louis, vessels of the India Com- pany, starting from Staten Laud in 1707 and 1708, coasted along the southern part of these lands. The St. Louis even anchored on the eastern side, and got water from a pond a short distance from the seashore. This water was somewhat reddish and stale, but good for the sea. In 1711 the St. Jean Baptiste, Captain Doublet, of Havre de Grace, coasted them nearer than had been previously done, and seeking to enter a pretty large opening, which he perceived in the middle, he found several small hidden islands almost at the surface of the water, which compelled him to steer ofl'. This group of islands is the same that Fouquet of St. Malo discovered and called the Anican Islands, from the name of the merchant who fitted out his vessels.

The northern part of these lands was discovered on the 16th of July, 1708, by Captain Pere of St. Malo, commanding the Assomption, whose name he gave to this coast. He ran along it twice to explore it more accurately, and estimated it to be fifty leagues E. S. E. and W. N. W. There is reasim to believe that these are the same islands discovered by Sir Richard Hawkins in 1593. This navigator, being cast of tlie Desert

62

HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

8ebalJ'3 UlaDiia.

New, or Ani- Coast, OF coast of the Patagouians, at 50° S., was driven by a

can Islands

storm on an unknown land, which he coasted for sixty leagues.

Some have believed these lands to be identical with Sebald's Islands, and that the three which bear that name are laid down on the maps from conjecture, in default of more perfect know- ledge, but the ship Incarnation of St. Male saw the islands in 1711 in very clear weather. They are really three small islands, about half a league long, ranged in a triangle. The vessel went within three leagues of them, and saw nothing of any other lands, although the sky was very serene. This proves that they are at least seven or eight leagues from the New Lands. M. de Beauchene stopped in 1701 at Sebald's Islands, without seeing any thing of the New Islands, of which the western part is still unknown.

1701.

California. Father Eusebius Francis Kino, a German Jesuit, having started in 1698 from the missions of Cinaloa and Sonora, in New Mexico, advanced northward along the sea, to the moun- tain of Santa Clara, and seeing that the coast turned from east to west, instead of following it, as he had done hitherto, struck inland, marching from S. E. to N. W. In 1699 he discovered the Rio Azul (Blue River), which, after receiving the waters of the Ilila, bears its own from east to west to the great River of the North, or Rio Colorado. He then crossed this river, and in 1701 found himself in California. He tliere learned that thirty leagues from where he was, the Rio Colorado emptied into a great bay on the west coast of California, which is thus sep- arated from New Mexico only by this river.

Mioisbipi. The same year the Sieur le Moyne d'lherville, a Canadian gentleman, captain of a ship of the line, discovered the mouth of the Micissipi, which the Sieur de la Salle had missed in 1684.

1716.

Thibet Father Hippolyte Desideri, a Florentine Jesuit, enters the

second Tliibet. This missionary started August 17, 1715, from Ladak, the residence of the king of Groat Thibet, discovered in 1G24 by Father de Audrada, and arrived at Lassa, capital of

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 63

the second Thibet, March 18, 1110. There is, in fact, but one Thibet Thibet, called also Toubet, Tanf^out, Barantola, and Boutan When Father de Andrada entered it in 1G24, the coinitry was subject to a very powerful king, supposed to be of the race of the famous Prester-Jean, or at least his successor. Since then the Grand Lama has been, as it were, sovereign of Thibet, and makes his residence at Lassa, or Lasa, the most sacred spot in the land, from its grand pagoda, which is visited from all parts. Thibet now depends on China. It is also sometimes called the kingdom of the Eluths.

1718.

The following discovery has every look of being imaginary. Lewu Uand. A merchantman, commanded by the Sieur Perrin, sailing this year from Rochelle for Quebec, was wrecked ; one John Baptist Loysel, of Rcnnos, in Brittany, escaped to an unknown island, where he was well received and treated by the inhabitants, and died about 1132. An English ship, it is added, sailing from England in 1733 for New Georgia, was also driven by a storm on the same island. Lewis, the captain, was taken to a cabin, where an inscription cut with a knife informed him of the ad- ventures of Loysel, whose clothes and grave were shown him. Nothing is said of the position of this island, to which Captain Lewis gave his name after taking possession. Loysel, in the inscription of which I have spoken, says that it seemed to him to be about twenty leagues in extent ; that he believes mines will be found there ; that it produces several precious plants, and has a very fertile soil.

1720,

Two vessels, full of unknown Indians, landed on Guahan, the largest of the Ladrone Islands, at two different points, one on the 19th, the other on the 21st of June. They had started together from an island which they called Sarreslop, to go to another, called U16e. After a leisurely examination, it was found that their country was a considerable archipelago, which included the island named Caroline in 1686, and the island of St. Barnaby, and that the group is divided into five provinces. Father de Cantova, a Spanish Jesuit, drew up a map, wliioh is

Caroline Islanda.

64 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Curoiine to be found in the eighteenth volume of the Leitres Edijiantes et

Islands. t-, '

Curieuses des Missions de la Compagtiie de J^stis. He places all these islands between 6° and 11° N., so that they run over 30° of longitude east of Cape Espiritu Santo. There are many blacks among these islanders, who are supposed to come from New Guinea, mestizoes, and whites. These are supposed to be descended from some Spaniards, who were put ashore on one of these islands in 1566, for conspiring against their com- mander on a voyage from Mexico to the Philippine Islands. In 1722 they were preparing in the Ladrones to explore these islands, to which the name of Caroline Islands was given, but we have no intelligence of the result of the enterprise. It is pretended that there are silver mines in one of these islands.

1732- New Georgia. Settlement of New Georgia by Mr. Oglethorpe, in the name of the king of England, between Carolina and Spanish Florida. All this country was comprised in French Florida, which ex- tended northward to Charleston, in Carolina. This new colony is bounded on the north by the Savannah River, and on the south by the Altamaha, and it is only sixty or seventy English miles in length on the coast, between 31° 30' and 32° 45' N., but it widens as it goes inland.

1738-1739- Ausirai In the montli of July, 1738, two of the French India Com- pany's ships, commanded by the Sieur Bouvet, sailed from I'Orient to discover the Austral Lands ; and on the 1st of Jan- uary, 1739, this captain descried, in latitude 54° S. aud longi- tude 27° to 28°, a very high land, covered with snow and very foggy, which he called Cape Consolation. The fogs and ice prevented his landing or coasting near enough to make out whether it was an island or a continent. He only remarked that it extended eight or ten leagues E. N. E.

1739- islands north In the beginning of the year 1740, information reached St. "''*"■ Petersburg that Captain Spanberg, sailing north of Japan, had discovered thirty-tive islands of different sizes, the inhabitants

CHRONOLOOICAL TABLES. C5

of whicli, as soon as they perceived him, sent C)ut six boats to isUnth nonii reconnoitre. He landed on one of the islands, and was received by the people with great marks of joy. He states in his narra- tive that these people strongly resembled the Japanese, and showed him a great quantity of gold and copper. At the same time he sent the czarina some of their coins. The exact posi- tion of these islands is not given

Vol. I.— 5

CRITICAL LIST OF AUTHORS

"WHOM I HAVE CONSULTED IN COMPOSING THIS WORK

As we have not yet any complete consecutive history of New Early

T-1 11 1 1 • i^ 1 writers

i ranee, and the most popular relations of that great country more are neither the most exact nor the most faithful, it is not sur- prising that cosmographers, geographers, with geographical or historical dictionaries, speak very incorrectly of it. It is sin- gular, however, that the older books are generally less disfig- ured by errors tiian modern ones. It is true that when they appeared the French North American colonics were of little importance ; but making all due allowances, they spoke more exactly than their successors, who attempted to correct them. The former had before them only a few memoirs, whose authors confined themselves mainly to stating what tliey had seen or learned from eye-witnesses, and could only be accused of some exaggeration.

Thus the great Atlas, printed at Amsterdam in ICII by .Tuliu pnEr'n Blaeu, having been composed prii)ci|iall_y from the Lidia (>,.pj. f'''"^"'' '\'l'^' denialis of John de Laet, who himself had only followed in the main John Verazani, Jacques Carticr, Samuel do Champlain, Eene de Laudonnierc, and Mark Lescarbot, all authors, com- monly speaking, quite trustworthy, was for its time the best that could be given. It is true that previous works, such as Le Theatre du 3Ionde, by John and William Blaeu (Paris, 1649- Tinamilu 55) ; Bel Arcano del Mare (Florence, 1630), of Robert Dudley, A^eaSo dej Duke of Northumberland and Earl of Warwick ; the Afla.<, of ""■•«■ Gerard Mercator ; the Warld, of Davity ; the tieograpliy of Mkrcator. Thevet (Cosmogi-a^yhie Universelle, Paris, 151b), &c., eitlicr thetet] because these authors wished to be too concise, or failed to study all the accessible authorities on the subjrrt, arc laurli more imperfect, both in the maps and in the text; but as tliej' gave little information, they could not lead into great errors.

68 HISTORY OF NEW FEAKCE.

Thomas Comeille, in his Geographical Dictionary, wishing to add to

oRNtiLLE. ^jjj^^ ^jjg Abbe Baudrand and Maty had said of French America, followed chiefly the Voyages of the Baron de la Hontan, a sorry guide, as we shall soon see ; nevertheless, as he aimed chiefly to show the different nations inhabiting this great continent, and has greatly abridged La Hontan's account, it happens by a kind of chance that he drew generally from what is most passable in that traveller, so that the article on Canada is not the most de- fective in his dictionary. Tliis is not the case with several other special articles, where he did not select his authorities judi- ciously. As the Mississippi is to Louisiana what the Nile is to Egypt, we cannot conceive how the author, speaking of Louisi- ana, never mentions the river, and in his article on the river does not even name Louisiana.

Geudbk- In volume VL of Geudreville's Atlas (published by Honnore '"^^^- and Ghatelain, Amsterdam, 1719), we find first a general disser- tation on America, containing faults in history and geography which would not be pardoned in a school-boy. Is it tolerable, for example, in a man who publishes a complete course of geography, at such expense, to say that Guadeloupe, which he calls Gardeloupe, is about ten leagues from the Bahamas ? The subsequent dissertation on Canada is not more accurate ; it is merely a poor abridgment of La Hontan's memoirs, in wliich you easily detect the uncouth, and often barbarous style, and unbecoming expression of that traveller. Indeed, it is regarded as a fact that Geudreville retouched the last edition of his Voy- ages. Lastly, there is a third dissertation on Louj-siana, which is so superficial, and so confounds truth and falsehood, that only those who know the country well can tell his meaning. Proper names are entirely disfigured there.

RoBBE and Mr. Robbe and Mr. de la Martiniere divide New France into NiEBE. two provinces, namely, Canada proper, and the province of Saguenay. This divisi(jn is imaginary, and badly imagined at that. 1st. In placing in the province of Saguenaj^ the city of Quebec, the capital of French Canada. 2d. In encircling this pretended province of Saguenay by that of Canada, which Mr Robbe extends below the Saguenay River to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and above Quebec beyond the lakes.

Mr. de la Martiniere is much fuller than Corncille in all the

LIST OF AUTHORS. C9

articles relating to my history, and almost always cites his Kobbe mvI authorities, but he is generally not happy in his selection. The ""^-itBT' Abbe Lenglet du Fresnoy led him into error by dividing Canada into Eastern Part and Western, or Louysiana. This division supposes the latter province to lie west of Canada, which is wrong, since it is bounded on the north by the Illinois River, which empties into the Mississippi at 39° N., the country to the north belonging to New France ; whence it follows that Louysiana is south and southwest of Canada. Nor do I know on what ground the geographer of the king of Spain reckons Norimbegua among the provinces belonging to the English on the continent. What was formerly so called is between Acadia and New England ; now that great country was not ceded to Great Britain, as he supposes, by the treaty of Utrecht.

He then gives us a table of the Indian nations of the Eastern part of Canada, that is to say, of all known east of the Missis- sippi. This table is copied from La Hontan, and needs a good errata, as does what he draw.? from the same source on the natural history of the country, the manners and character of the people inhabiting it, the condition of the French colony, the revenues and power of the governor-general and intendant. In the article on Cape Breton, Mr. de la Martiniere justly censures the Abbe Baudrand, who had asserted that Gaspe was the true name of that island. But in 1130, when he printed this volume of his dictionary containing this article, he should have known that it had changed its old name to Isle Royale.

The Abbe Lenglet du Fresnoy, in the first edition of his Methodepour etudier la Geographic, had said that Carolina owes its name to Charles II., king of Great Britain, in whose reign and by whose consent this colony was founded by some English noblemen. Mr. la Martiniere reproached him with having fallen into an error, and he was so docile as to correct this alleged fault, and state in a second edition that it was so named in honor of Charles IX., king of France : but he can, with all safety, return to his first statement. Except the southern part of Carolina, this country never belonged to France. The confusion arises from a fort on the river May, built by ilr. do Laudonniere, and now called San Matheo. The French colony, fouudcd under Charles IX., and comprising the SDUthorn part "t

70 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

RoEBE and English Carolina, the present New Georgia, San Mateo, St. Au- NiEEE. gustine, and all held by the Spaniards on that coast as far as Cap Frangois, was never called by Champlain (Mr. de la Martini^re to the contrary notwithstanding), nor by any French author, any thing but French Florida, New France, or Western France. Mr. la Martiniere is also mistaken in saying that Mr. de Ribaut had built a fort on river May, and gave it the name of Charles ; the fact is, that Ribaut entered river May, and set up a column, with the arms of France, but did not stop there. He went further north, and entering another river, which he called Port Royal, built a fortress there, to which he gave the name of Charles-Fort. This river is in English Carolina. Two years after, Mr. de Laudonnicre built la Caroline on river May, which never vras in English Carolina, and consequently c(juld not give it a name.

I am glad also to note here that no Spaniard or other Euro- pean having appeared in that country before the French, led there by Ribaut in 1562, it is surprising that the learned geog- rapher of the Catholic king pretends that the Spaniards had a right to treat these French in Florida as pirates, when they held a commission from the king their master, and that no re- proach could be made to them had they treated them as prisoners of war. In the first place, there is a glaring contradiction here, for if the Spaniards had a right to regard these Florida French- men as pirates, they could not be reproached with treating them as such. In the second place, on what ground could they treat as pirates subjects sent by their own sovereign to a country which the French had first discovered, and where no nation had settled before them ? Was it enough that it pleased the Spaniards to call almost all North America Florida, to treat as usurpers and pirates all who settled in any portion of an im- mense country, of which they did not know the tenth part, and where they had never had a settlement ?

I might extend my remarks to many articles in the new Dictionnaire Geograjihique, where there are, nevertheless, many excellent things. In general, the author is very well acquainted with the countries of which I write the history. Yet a more examination of the map would have prevented his saying, for example, that Lac du St. Sacrement (Lake George) receives

LIST OF AUTHORS.

71

M. DE

Lille.

MORERI.

the waters of Lake Champlaiii, wlieii, on the coutrary, it is the Roebe an.! latter that receives the waters of the former lake. lie does not '"^muie!"" seem better acquainted with the great lakes of Canada, and err.s in placing Lake Champhiin in the Iroquois country. What deceived him is, that this lake is formed by the Sorel River, formerly called the river of the Iroquois ; but it was so culled only because the Iroquois often descended by that river into the French colony. I have also been much surprised to find two articles on Michillimakinac and Missilli makinac, which mean the same thing. The error comes from the attempt of some authors to soften the real word Michillimakinac, by writing Missillimakinac.

M. de Lille has made many researches in his Atlas, and some happy discoveries ; but his map of Canada is very defective : that of Louisiana is somewhat less so, yet he had reason to be satisfied with neither, and I know that at his death he was taking steps in earnest to give us better ones.

The article on Canada in the two last editions of the Historical Dictionary of Moreri, and that on Louisiana, are very nearly exact, and they would lack little had the editors profited more by the memoirs given them. The article on Carolina and some others are entirely disfigured.

De Gallordm Expeditione in Floridam, & clade ;UJ Hispanis non Ohallus. minus injuste, quam immaniter ipsis illata, anno M.D.LXV, brevis Historia.

This relation is derived in a great measure from a French account, apparently by one Nicholas Challus. It is printed at the end of a work of Jerome Benzoui (pp. 427-410), translated from the Italian into Latin by Urban Cliauveton, under the title Novoe Novi Orbis Hidorice, Gencvw, apud Eudathium Vignon, MDLXXVIII. It is followed by a Brief Dkcours de la Floride* which says about the same tiling. A new edition of this work appeared at Geneva in 1600.

HiSTorRB Notable de la Floride, situee es Indes Occidentales con- l^udon- tenant les trois voyages, fails en icello par certains Cajiitaincs & Pilotes '''.^f,''-- Francois, descrits par le Capitaine Laudonniere, qui y a commande

* This should be " Supiilieia Libelli e.xeiiiphim, Carolo IX. Kcgi Gallia; oblati a vidiiis," etc, pp. 471-477. There is no Frencii tract in the voluiiu'.

Benzoni. 1536.

72 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Laudon- I'espace d'uu an trois moys : a laquelle a este adjoustB un quatriesme

voyage fait par le Capitaine Gourgues. Mise en lumiere par M. Ba- sanier Geutil-liomme frangois Mathematicien. 80., Paris, 158G.

Whatever the Sieur de Laudonniere saw with his own eyes may be relied upou. I will show hereafter what is to be thought of the rest. Theodore In the first volume of the India Occidentalis, printed at the ''isso^' expense of Theodore de Bry in 1590, is :

1. BrEVIS NAERATIO EORVM, QD^ in FlOKIDA ASIEBICyE Provinclv Gallis acciderunt, secunda in illam Navigatione, duce Renato de Lau- diiniere, classis priefecto, Anno M.DLsiii. . . Additse figurae et incola- rum eicones ibidem ad vivnm express^ ; brevis item Declaratio Religi- onis rituum, vivcudique ratione ipsorum. Auctore lacobo le Moyne cui cognomen de Morgues, Laudonierum in ea Navigatione sequuto. Nunc primum gallico sermone a Theodoro de Bry, Leodiense in lucem cdita, Latio vero donata a C. C. A.

2. Libellus, sine Epistola supplicatoria Regi Gallorum Carolo tX. eivsdem

nominis, oblata per viduas, orphanos, cognates, affines & ipsi Franci® Occidentalis Regi subditos, quorum consanguinei per Hispanos in ea Galliae antarcticae parte, quae vulgo Florida nomen inuenit, crudeliter trucidati perierunt. Anno 1565.

3. De quarta Gallorvm in Floridam navigatione svb Gourguesio. Anno

1567. The author is unknown.

4. Parergon contiuens qvsedam, quae ad prscedentis narrationis elvcidati

onem non ervnt forsan invtilia.

This subject has been treated with more order and at suffi- cient length by Mark Lescarbot, of whom I shall soon speak, and more briefly by Champlain, after these same memoirs. But these two authors have not given to French Florida the name of Antarctic France, as was done by the author of the Suppli- cation addressed to Charles IX. SoLisDE The melancholy catastrophe of the French of Fort Caro '"^Sms"'^^" ^^"''' ^fter the capture of that place by Peter Menendez, has been related in one form in the works I have cited, and in a very different manner by Doctor Solis de las Meras, a brother- in-law of Menendez, who accompanied him on his expedition. His account, which had remained in manuscript, is inserted entire in the Ensayo Gronologico para la Hidoria de la Florida (pp. 85-90), published at Madrid in 1123, of wliich I shall speak in its order.

LIST OF AUTHORS. 73

La Fix)RrDA dei, Ynca, o Historia del Adelantado Hernando de Gakcilasso Soto, Governador y Capitan General del Keyno de la Florida, y de otros ""^ Vkm* '^*' heroicos caualleros, Espafioles e Indios, escrita por el Ynca Garcilasso de la Vega, capitan de su Magestad, natural de la gran ciudad del Cozco, cabe(;a de los Reynos y prouincias del Peru. Dirigida al serenissimo Principe, Duque de Bragam.a. En Lisbona. Impresso [jor Pedro Cras- beeck. Aiio 1605. 80.

The same translated into French by Pierre Richelet. 2 vols., 12o. Paris: EiciiKLtT. Cloutier. 1670.

This work i.s esteemed for the manner in wliich it is written in Spanish, and also for the matter itself, that is to say, fur the succession and order of the expeditions of Fernando de Soto, and his successor Luis de Moscoso ; but the author has evi- dently exaggerated the wealth and power of the Floridians. They are now well known to the French in Canada and Louisi- ana ; and although we admit that in De Soto's time they were much more populous than at present, as has been the case with all tribes on the continent, we know beyond doubt that they have never been near so rich f)r powerful as the historian repre- sents them.

HiSTOHIA GENERAL DE LOS HECHOS DE LOS CASTELLANOS EN LAS ISLAS I .\ntomo de

Tierra Firme del Mar Oceano, escrita par Antonio de Herrera, Coronista '^"i"'"'^- Mayor de su Md. de las Indias, y su Coronista de Castilla. . . . Folio. En Mad. en la emplenta real. 1601-1015.

This work is in four volumes, which comprise eiglit decades, but only two volumes issued from the royal press in ItlOL The last two were printed at Madrid in 1615 by Juan de la Costa. A new edition appeared a few years since, merely adding a very detailed index, which was wanting. The first two decades have been translated into French anonymously. The Spanish historian is an exact, sensible, judicious, and impartial annalist. His work ends, in regard to Florida, with the mission of the Dominicans in 1549, six years after the retreat of Luis de Mos- coso.

In the third volume of the great collection of John Baptist Kamusio. Rainusio (folio, Venice, I()06), arc :

1st. DiSCORSO SOPRA LA TERRA FERMA DELL' InDIE OllIDEKTALI DKTrE

de Lauorador, de los Bacchalaos & delta nuoua Fraucia.

It is of little importance.

74 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

VtBAZANi. 2d. Al Ckristianissimo Re di P^ancia, Francesco Prqio, Relatione di Giouanni da Verrazzano, Fiorentino, della terra per lul scoperta in nome di sua Maesta, scritta in Dieppa a di 8 di Luglio, M.D.XXIIII.

This letter gives us little beyond the date of Verazani's first voyage.

3d. DiscoKso d'vn gran Capitano di Mare, Fkancese, del Luogo di Dieppa, sopra le nauigationi fatte alia Terra Nuova dell' Indie Occiden- tali, chiamata la nuova Francia, da gradi 40, fino a gradi 47 sotto il polo artico, & sopra la Terra del Brasil, Guinea, I sola di San Lorenzo, & quella di Summatra, fino alle quali hanno nauigato le Carauelle & naui Francese.

Ramusio sets a high value on this piece, and regrets that he could not learn its author.

Cabtier. 4th. Prdia relatione di Iacques Carthier, della Terra Ndova, delta la nuoua Francia, trouata neU' anno 1534.

This date is wrong, as Verazani's first voyage v^as certainly in 1523, and from the first years of the century, Bretons, Nor- mans, and Basques carried (jn fisheries on the shores of New- foundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Yet it is true that Cartier is the first who ascended the river.

5th. Breve & sdccenta narratione della nauigatione fatta per ordine della Maesta Christianissima aU' Isole di Canada, Hochelaga, Saguenai & altre, al presente dette !a nuoua Francia. con parti- colari costumi & cerimonie de gli liabitanti.

This last article amounts to very little. Cartier had not time to study well nations whose language he did not know, and with whom he had very little intercourse. It is also very sur- prising that tliis navigator applies the name island to a country, in which he had ascended a river like the St. Lawrence for one hundred and eighty leagues. One of his works was printed at Rouen, in 1598, in 8vo., with this title : Biscovrs dv Voyage fait par le Capitaine Jaqiies Cartier aux terres-neufues de Canadas, Norembergue, HocheJage, Labrador, & paijn adjacenf:, dite nou- uelle France, auec particulierea niceurs, langage et cercmoniea des habitans d'icelle. A Rouen, de I'imiyrvmerie de EaphaSl du Petit Val., &c. M.D.XC.Vin.

LIST OF AUTHORS. 75

HiSTORIA NaTVRAL T MORAL DELA8 INDIAS, EN QVE 8E THAT AN LAS COSAS De AoOsTA.

notables del cielo, y elementos, metales, plantas y animales dellas: y "'

los rites yceremonias, leyes ygouierno y guerras de los Indies. Com- puesta por el Padre loseph de Acosta, Religioso de la'Comjiariia de lesus. Dirigida a la Serenissima Infanta Doiia Isabela Clara Eugenia de Austria. 80. AfiolGOS. Impressa en Madrid en casa de Alonso Martin. I have spoken of this hiyhly esteemed author only in regard to the origin of the Americans.

HlSTOntE DE LA NoDVELLE FRANCE, CONTENANT LES NAVIGATIONS, DE- Le3CARBOT.

couvertes & habitations faites par les Francois es Indes Occidentales '

& Nouvelle France sous I'avou & autorite de nos Hois Tres Chre- tiens, and les nouvelles fortunes d'iccux en I'execution de ces choses depuis cent ans jusqu' a hui : en quoi est comprise I'Histoire morale, naturelle et geographique de la dite Province, avec les tables & figures d'icelle, par Marc Lescarbot, Avocat en Parlement, ti'moin oculaire d'une partie des choses y recitees. A Paris, chez Jean Milet, sur les degres de la grand' Sale du Palais. 1009. 80.

This author has collected with much care all that had been written before him toucliing the first discoveries of the French in America ; all that occurred in French Florida ; the expedition of the Chevalier de Villegagnon to Brazil ; and the first settle- ment of Acadia by Mr. de Monts. He seems sincere, well informed, sensible, and impartial.

Les Voyages de la Nowelle France Occibentale, dicte C.vnada, Chamflain. faits par le Sr de Champlain, Xaintongeois, Capitaine pour le Roy en V'Joo " la Marine du Ponant, & toutes les Descouvertes, qu'il a faites en ce pais depuis I'an 1G03. jusques en I'an 1G29. Ou se voit comme ce pays a este premierement descouvert par les Framjois sous I'authorit '■ do nos Roys tres-Chrestiens jusques au regnedo sa Majeste a present regnante Lovis Xlll., Boy de France & de Nauarre, auec vn traitte des qualitez & couditions requises a vn bon and parfaict Nauigateur, pour co- gnoistre la diucrsile des Estimts, qui sc font en la nauigation ; Les Marques & enseiguemens, que la Prouidence de Dieu a mises dans les Mers pour redresser les Mariniers en leur routte. sans lesquelles ils tom- beroient en df grand dangers, Et la maniere de bien dresser Cartes Marines, auec leurs Ports, Rades, Isles, Sondes, & autre chose neces- saire a la Nauigation. Ensemble vne carte generalle do la description dudit pays faicte en son Meridien, scion la declinaisim de la guide Ay- mant & vn Catecliisme ou Instruction traduicte du Francois au langage des Peuples Sauuages de quelque coutree, auec co (jui s'est passee en la dite Nouuelle France, en I'anne 1631. A Monseignevr le Cardinal Dvc de Richelieu. A Paris : chez Pierre le-Mvr dans la Grand' SaHe du Palais. M.DC.XXXII. 4".

76 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

CnAM- Mr. (le Champlaiii is properly the founder of New France, as

he it was who built the city of Quebec. He was the first governor of that colony, in the establishment of which he bestowed incalculable exertions. He was an able navigator, a man of talent and energy, disinterested, full of zeal for religion and his country. He can be reproached only with an over credulity in the stories told him, which did not, however, lead him into any important error. His memoirs are excellent in substance, as well as for the simple and natural form in which they are written. He relates scarcely any thing that he did not see himself, or receive from the direct accounts of trustworthy persons ; such as what he relates, in a briefer style than Les- carbot, of the expeditions of de Ribaut, de Laudonniere, and the Chevalier de Gourgues to French Florida.

He published his first voyage in 1613, in a quarto volume, divided into two books, and printed at Paris by Jean Berjon. In 1620 he gave a continuation in a small octavo, printed at Paris by 0. Collet. Finally, in the edition of which I have just given the title, he resumes the whole history from the first dis- covery by Vcrazani to 1631. He adds a treatise on navigation, the duty of a good mariner, and the Jesuit Father Ledesma's Abridgment of the Christian Doctrine, translated into Huron by Father John de Brebeuf, with the French beside it.

Mekoure In the Mercure Francois for the j'ear 1626 (vol. xiii., p. 1), is 1626, 1628, a letter of Father Charles Lallemant, written from Quebec

1 fi '-t *^ 1 fi "^ '-l

' " ■ August 1, 1626, in which that missionary gives a brief and very exact notice of that country, in which the Jesuits had but just begun their labors.

In that of 1628, the erection of a new company for the Canada trade, and the revocation of the articles granted to the Sieur de Caen. This is what is called the Company of the Hundred Associates, who had at their head Cardinal Richelieu.

In that of 1632 there is Relation du voyage fait en Canada pour la prise de posseanion du Fort de Quebec. The English had conquered Quebec and all Canada in 1629. They restored it in 1632, and the French were put in possession again the same year. This relation contains quite interesting details.

In that of 1633 is Relation de ce qui s'est passe en la Nouvellc

LIST OF AUTHORS. 77

France, ou Canada; and, Autre relation du voyage dii Sieur de Cham})lain a la nouuelle France ou, Canada Van 1033.

Brieve iselation dv voyage db la Nowelle Fhance, fait ad mois Father le d'auri] dernier, par le P. Pavl le levne, de la Compagnie de lesus. A '^H-^.i' Paria, ctez Sebastien Cramoisy, Imprimeur de Roy. 1632. A thin octavo.

This is the first of the relations on New France wliicli the Jesuits continued to publish from this year to 1612. As these fathers were scattered among all the nations with whom the French had any intercourse, and their missions obliged them to enter into all the affairs of the colony, we may say that their memoirs contain a very detailed history. There is indeed no other source to which we can resort to learn tlie progress of re- ligion among tlie Indians, and to know those nations, all whose Jesuit Ee- languages they spoke. The style of these relations is extremely i^o^g^'j simple, but this very simplicity lias contributed to give them a great vogue, not less than the curious and edifying matter with which they are filled.

NOWS OKBIS, SEU DESCBIPTIONIS IKDI^E OCCIDENTALIS, LiBRI XVIII. De LaeT

Authore loanne de Lai't Antverpiensi, Novis Tabulis OfOgraphieis, et "

variis Animantium, Plantariim, Fructuumque Icoiiibus illustrati. Lugd.

Batav. apud Elzevirios. Itiu3. Folio.

This work, which was ere long translated into French and published by the same Elzevirs in 1640, is full of excellent re- search, as well in regard to the European settlements in America as in regard to natural history and the character and manners of the Americans. The author has followed the best sources. He was moreover a man of ability, evincing everj'where great discernment and sound criticism, except in some places, where he consulted only Protestant authors, and yields too much to religious prejudice.

He treats in the second book of the Island of Newfoundland, the Grand Bank, Sable Island, Cape Breton, now Isle Koyale, which he calls Island of St. Lawrence, or of the Bretons ; of the other islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and especially of Anticosty, of the port of Tadoussac, and the Saguenay River ; of the great river of Canada, or the St. Lawrence, of which he gives a description quite exact for the time; of the city of Quebec, of the Indians then best known ; of Acadia, of all the

78 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

De Laet. southern coast of New France, and of all that occurred in that country up to his time between the French and English.

In the fourth book he gives quite a good description of Florida, drawn mainly from the annals of Anthony de Herrera. He recounts all the attempts of the Spaniards to settle there under John Ponce de Leon, the licentiate Vazquez de Ayllon, Pamphilo de Narvaez, Hernando de Soto, and Louis de Moscoso ; the expeditions of the French to that part of Florida now occu- pied by tlie English and Spaniards ; the settlement of St. Augustine by Peter Menendez, after that general had expelled the French from Florida, and the resistance which he had to make to the attack of the English under Sir Francis Drake.

Sagabd. Histoike du Can.vda, & Voyages, que les Freres Mineuks Recollects y unt faicts pour la conuersiou des Infidelles. Divisez en quatre Uures. Ou est amplemcnt traicte des cliosos principales arriuces dans le pays de- puis I'an 1615 iusques a la prise, qui en a este faicte par les Auglois. Dea biens & commoditez qu'on en pent esperer. Des moeurs, ceremonies, creance, loix & coustumes merueilleuses de ses habitaus. De la conuer- sion & baptesme de plusieurs, & des moyens necessaires pour les amener a la cognoissance de Dieu. L'entretien ordinaire de nos Mariniers, & autres particularitez, qui se remarquent en la suite de I'histoire. Fait & compose par le F. Gabriel Sagard Theodat, Mineur Recollect de la Prouince de Paris. A Paris, chez Claude Sonnius. M.DC.XXXVI.

The autlior of this work spent some time among the Hurons, and relates naively all that he saw and heard on the spot, but he had not time to see things well enough, still less to verify all that was told him. The Huron vocabulary which he has left us, proves that neither he nor any of those whom he consulted was well versed in that language, which is a very difficult one ; consequently that the conversions of the Indians were not very numerous in his time. In other respects he seems a very ju- dicious man, zealous not only for the salvation of souls, but also for the progress of a colony which he almost saw begin, and saw nearly annihilated in its origin by the English invasion. He gives us, on the whole, few interesting facts.

Grottos. Hvgonis Grotii Dissertatio De Origine Gentivm Americanarvji

The views of Grotius were not approved, and the next year a criticism appeared under the title —

LIST OF AUTHORS. 79

JoANNis DE Laet Antverpiensis Not,e ad dissertationem Hcgonis Laet. Grotii de origine Gentium Americanarum, & observationes aliquot ad I^^'J-ISM. meliorem indaginem difficiUimae hujua quseBtionis. Parisiis, apud Viduam Gulielnii Pelt', via Jacobea, sub eigno Crucis Aureae. 1643.

John de Laet does not confine himself to censuring Grotius, he cites the opinions of the Spanish Jesuit Father Joscpli de Ac(jsta, of Mark Lcscarbot, and of Edward Brerewood, an Englishman, on the same subject, and refutes them all.

Grotius replied with hauteur, and the same year published

this reply, entitled :

HuGONis Groth de Oriqike Gentium Americanarum dissertatio altera adversus obtrectatorem. Parisiis apud Sebastianura Cramoisy, Arcliitypographnm Regium, via Jaoobsea, sub Ciconiis. 1643.

Laet replied in 1644, by a treatise entitled : JoAjoas DE Laet Antwerpiani responsio ad dissertationem becttn- dam Hvgonis Grotii de origine Gentium Americanarum, cum indice ad utrumque libellum. Amstelrodami, apud Ludovicum Elzevirium. CIO.IO.CXLIV.

The same year there appeared at Paris a little work with this title :

AnIMADVERSIO JoANNIS B. PoISSONIS, ANDEGAVI, ad EA, (IVM CELEBER- PoissoN.

rimi viri Hugo Grotius & Joannis Lahetius de origine gentium Peru- ^***' vjanarum & Mexicanarum scripserunt ; sive Prodromus Commentarii in decimum-octavum caput Ksai;t. Paris. 1644.

But this publication is very unimportant.

Les voyages pameux du Sieur Vincent lb Blanc, Marseillois qd'il I.e Blano. a fait depuis I'age de douze ans jusqu' a soixaute aux quatre parties du monde; a scavoir aux Indes Orientales & Occidentales, en Perse & Pegu ; aux royaumes de Fez, de Maroc, and de Guini'e, & dans toute I'Afrique interieure, depuis le Cap de Bonne-Esperance jusqucs en Alexandrie, par les terres de Monomotapa, du PrfteJan, & de I'Egypte ; aux Isles de la Mediterrant'e, & aux principales Provinces de I'Europe, &c., redigi's fidMement sur ses Mcmoires & Registres, tires de la Bibliotheque de M. de Peiresc, Conseiller au Parlement de Provence, & enricbis de trcs-curieuses Observations, par Pierre Bergeron, Parisien. A Paris chez Gervais Clousier, au Palais, sur les degres de la Sainte CliapeUe. 1648. 4o.

In the third part of this work he speaks of almost all the countries of which I give the history, but in very few words, and in a confused, inexact, and immethodical manner.

80 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Ilonsirs. GeoroI HornI De Ork-.inibvs Americanis. Libri Quatcor, Hag.h '^^'"' Comitis, sumptibuB Adriani Vlacq. CI0.L3.CLII.

This author refutes quite ably the opinion of those who had treated this suhject before him, but to establish his own sj'stem he runs into such frivolous and improbable conjectures as to cause surprise that they could emanate from the head of a man who shows much ability in his work.

BREssANr. Breve Relatione D'AxrvKE Mibsioni De' PP. della Compagnia di 1653. Giesu ncUa Nuoua Francia del P. Francesco Gioseppe Bressani della

medesima Compagnia, all' Eminentiss. Reverendiss. Sig. Card, de Lugo. In Macerata, Per gli Heredi d'Agostino Qrisci. 1653. 4o. Father Bressani, a Roman by birth, was one of the most illus- trious missionaries of Canada, where he suffered a severe cap- tivity and unheard of torments. He speaks little of himself in his History, which is well written ; but is confined mainly to the Huron mission, in which he labored with much zeal as long as it subsisted. After the almost complete extermination of that nation, and the scattering of what was left, he returned to Italy, where he preached till his death, with the more fruit, inasmuch as he bore on his mutilated hands glorious marks of his aposto- late among the heathen.

BolCHET. HiSTOmE vf:RITABLE ET NATURELLE DES MCETJRS ET PRODUCTIONS DO

16M. p^yg jg [g^ Nouvelle Franco, vulgairement ditte le Canada. A Paris

chez Florentin Lambert rue S. Jacques a I'lmage S. Paul. Small 13o.

The author of this little work is not the Jesuit Father Pierre Boucher, as the Abbe Lenglet du Fresnoy supposed, but the Sicur Pierre Boucher, Governor of Three Rivers, one of the first settlers of New France, where, imitating the simplicity and piety of the patriarchs, he participated in the blessings which God bestowed upon them, having seen his numerous and flour- ishing posterity to the fifth generation. He died nearly a cen- tenarian ; and his widow, who survived liim some years, saw her grandchildren's grandchildren. He was deputed to the Court to represent the spiritual and temporal wants of the colony ; and during this voyage to Europe, he printed the llKle relation in (juestion, which contains only a quite superficial liut very faithful account of Canada.

LIST OF AUTHORS. 81

Historic Canadensis, seu Nov^e Fuancle Libri Decem ad annum Dc Creux. vsque M.DC.LVI. Authore P. Francisco Crevxio e Societate lesu. Parisiis, Apud Sebastianum Cramoisy, & Sebast. Mabre-Cramoisy, Typo- graphos Regis, via Jacobaea, sub Ciconijs. M.DC.LXIV. 4o.

This extremely diflFuse work was composed almost exclusively from the Jesuit Relations. Father Du Creux did not reflect that details read with pleasure in a letter become insupportable in a continuous history, especially when they have lost all the charm of novelty.

Claros Varones de la Compania de JEsns en Santidad Letras y Anukada. Zelo de las Almas, por el Padre Alonzo de Andrada, de la Misma •

Compania. Madrid. 1666. Folio.

In the two volumes of this work, mention is made of almost all the Jesuits who sacrificed their lives for the salvation of the nations of Canada, but very briefly and without detail. This is not the case with the following :

MORTES rLLUSTRES ET GE8TA EORUM, DE SoCIETATE JESTJ, QUI EN ODIOM AllqaMBE

Fidei ab Etbnicis, Haereticis, vel aliis igne, ferro, aut morte alia necati, j|.gj a3rumnisve confecti sunt ; Autore Pliilippo Alegambe, Bruxellensi ; ex eadem Societate. Extremos aliquot annos, mortesque iUustres, usque annum 1664 adjecit Joannes Nadasi, ejusdem Societatis Jesu. Romje. 1667. Folio.

All these lives are methodically written from good sources ; several are even quite detailed. They comprise sketches of al- most all the Jesuits who met a violent death in the exercise of their ministry in Canada.

Description GfioGRAPniquE & Historique des Costes de l'Ameriq\'b Denys. Septentrionale, avec I'Histoire naturelle du Pais. Par Monsieur Denys, ^''^-• Gouverneur, Lieutenant General pour le Roy, & proprietalre de toutes les Terres & Isles, qui sont depuis le Cap de Campseaiix, jusques au Caps des Rozlers. A Paris chez Claude Barbin. 1672. 3 volume. 12o.

The author of this work was a man of merit, who would have founded a good colony in New France had he not been traversed in his projects. He tells nothing but what he saw himself He gives us in his first volume a very exact description of the whole country which extends from the river Pentagoiit (Penobscot), following the coast to Cape des Rosieres, which is the southerly point of the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. The second Vol. I.— 6

82

HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Dents, volume comprises the natural history of the same country, and especially all that regards the Cod-fishery. The historian de- scribes briefly the Indians of these parts, the nature and re- sources of the country, the animals, rivers, quality of the woods. He adds some historical sketches of the settlements of those who shared with him the ownership and government of Acadia and its neighborhood.

irUDSON.

1673.

Tanner. 1673.

DESCKrPTIO ET DELINEATIO GEOGRjVPHICA DETECT10NI8 FRETI Sr\'B

transitus ad occasum supra terras Americanas in Chinam inventi ab Henrico Hudson. Amstelodami. 1673. 4o.

The author, as it appears by the title of this work, flattered himself that a passage to China had been found through Hud- son's Strait. Time showed that he was far out in his reckoning.

SOCIETAS jESn rSQUE AD SANGUINIS PROFUSIONEM IN EUKOPE, ASIA,

Africa, & America militans, sive vita et mortes eorum, qui in causil fidei interempti sunt, cum iconibus singulorum. Autore Mathia Tan- nero S. J. Praga;. 1673. Folio.

This work contains a more abridged biography, or rather eulogy, of some of the same Canada missionaries, of whom Fathers Alegambc and Nadasi have treated more fully and

historically.

SociETK DE Motifs de la Societe de Montreal. A Paris. 1674. Montreal. . , ,

1674. pnnter a name.

4°, without

This tract sets forth the motives which induced several per- sons of piety to found a colony at Montreal, having for its main object the conversion of the Indians, and the preservation of those already Christians.

DomClaude La Vie de la Venerable Mere Marie de l'Incaenation, premiere 1677"*' Superieure des Ursulines de la Nouvelle France, tiree de ses lettres et

de ses ecrits. A Paris ehez Louys Billaine. 1677. 4o.

The author is Dom Claude Martin, son of Mother Mary of the Incarnation. His work has no fanlt, but its containing many things foreign to the subject. This led me, in 1724, to publish a new life of this excellent religious, who was styled the Saint Teresa of France, and of whom we have several works Tliis new life was printed at Paris, by Briasson, in octavo. In

LIST OF AUTHORS. 83

both works, it is almost always Motiier Mary of the Incarnation, Don who relates all that passed in her comiuuuion with God, and Maktin. who narrates the events of her life somewhat in the style of St. Teresa.

liBTTHES DE LA MERE MAEIE DB L'InCABNATION, PREMIERE SUPERIEURE Makie de

des Ursulines de la Nouvelle France. A Paris, chez Louys Billaine. ]^,^^''^^'"'' 1681. 4o. 1>.91.

These letters, which are well written and worthy of the great reputation of this admirable woman for holiness, talent, and ability in all kinds of affairs, and especially in spiritual life, contain many historical facts which happened during the thirty- two years which she lived in Canada, where she landed in 1640.

HiSTOIRE DE LA CONQDETE DE LA FlORIDE PAR UN GENTn.HOMMK DE CiTRY DE LA

la Ville dElvas, traduite en Francois par M. Qtry de la Guette. *^jg3"^-

Paris. 1685.

This work contains about the same as that of Garcilasso de la Vega, mentioned above, and is not less esteemed. The translation is much esteemed.

Voyage et Decouvektb de qtjelque Pats et Nations de l'Amerique Marquette. Septentrionale.

This is the Jesuit Father Marquette's journal of his voyage down the Mississippi, when he discovered that great river with the Sieur Joliet, in 1673. It is to be found in a Recueil des Voyages de 3[. Thevenot dedi^ au Eoij, & imprlme d Paris chez Thomas Moette, rue de la vieille Bouderie d S. Michel. 1681. 4o.

Description de la Louisiane noitvellement DECOtrs-ERTE au Sud- Hennepin. oiiest de la N. France, par ordre du Roy, avec la Carte du Pays : Les j^ss. ' Moeurs & la Maniere de vivre des Sauvages. Dtdire a samajeste parle R. P. Louis Hennepin, Missionaire RecoUet & Notaire Apostolique. A Paris chez Amable Auroy, rue S. Jacques a I'lmage S. Jerome. 1683. 13o.

Father Hennepin had been greatly attached to M. de la Sale, and followed him to the Illinois, whence that voyager sent him with the Sieur Dacan to ascend the Mississippi. This voyage he here describes. The title of the work is not just ; for the country discovered, by the Recollect and the Sieur Dacan ascending the river from the Illinois to Sault St. Anthony, is

84 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Hennepdj. not Louisiana, but New France. The title of a second work of Father Hennepin, which is in the Recueil des Voyages au Nord, Vol. v., is not more so. It reads :

Voyage en ttn Pats plus grand que l'Exjbope entee la Meb glaciale et le Nouveau Mexique.

For, far as they may have ascended the Mississippi, they were still far distant from the Arctic Sea. When the author published this second relation he had broken with de la Sale. It seems even that he was forbidden to return to America, and his displeasure at this induced him to go to Holland, where he printed a third work, entitled

NOUTELLE DESCKrPTION D'UN TREB GRAND PaYS SITUK DANS L'AMERICiUE

entre le Nouveau Mexique & la Mer glaciale, depuis I'an 1670 jusqu'en 1682, avec des Reflexions sur les entreprises de M. Cavalier de la Sale, & autres choses concernant la description & I'Histoire de I'Amerique Septentrionale. Utrecht. 1697. 12o.

It was reprinted the next }"ear, at the same place, in two volumes, with the title

V0T.\GE, OU DF.COUVERTE D'UN TRES GRAND PaYS, &C.

Both are merely enlarged editions of the author's second work. He vents his chagrin not only on the Sicur de la Sale, but on France also, by which he deemed himself ill used, and he tries to save his credit by declaring himself a born subject of the Catholic king. But he should have remembered that it was at the expense of France that he travelled in America, and that it was in the name of the most Christian king that he and the Sieur Dacan took possession of the countries which they had discovered. He does not even hesitate to aver that it was with the consent of the Catholic king, his first sovereign, that he dedicated his book to William III., King of England, and that he solicited that monarch to effect the conquest of those vast tracts, send colonies there, and have the gospel preached to the heathen. This step, which scandalized the Catholics, and made even Protestants laugh, surprised to see a religious, calling himself Missionary and Apostolic Prothon- otary, exhort a Protestant prince to found a church in the New World. All these works are written in a declamatory stylo.

LIST OF AUTHORS. 85

offensive by its inflation, and revolting by tlie liberties which Hennkpin the author takes, and by his indecent invectives. As to sub- stance, Father Hennepin believed himself entitled to take a traveller's license ; he is accordingly much decried in Canada, his fellow-travellers often protesting that he was any thing but truthful in his accounts.

ESTAT PliESENT DE L'EGLISE & DE LA COLONIE FltANfOISE DANS LA NoU- ^J- "^^ ^■

velle France, par M. I'Eveque de Quebec. A Paris, chez Robert Pepie, 1688. rue St. Jacques a S. Basile. M.D.C.LXXXVIII. 80.

Mr. de St. Valier, having been appointed to the See of Quebec, vacant by the resignation of Mgr. de Laval, wished, before his consecration, to know his diocese, and embarked for Canada in 1685. He returned to France the next year, and drew up an account of his voyage in letter form, in which he represented the actual state of New France. This work is well written, and worthy of its author, who governed this church for more than forty years, and left there illustrious marks of his charity, piety, disinterestedness and zeal.

Premieb etablissement de la Fot dans la Nouveli-e France, con- Le Clercq. tenant la publication de I'Evangile, rHietoire des Colonies Franioises, & lea fameuses decouvertes depuisle Fleuvede Saint Laurent, la Loilisi- ane, & le Fleuve Colbert, jusqu'au Golphe Mexique, achevees sous la conduits de feu Monsieur de la Salle. Parordre du Roy. Avec les vic- toires remportees en Canada par Ics armes de sa Majeste sur les Anglois & les Iroquois en 1690. Dt'die a Monsieur le Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur & Lieutenant General de la Nouvelle France ; par le Pere Chrestien le Clercq, Missionnaire Recollet de la Province de Saint An- toino de Pade en Artois, Gardien des Recollets de Lens. A Paris, chez Amable Auroy, rue Saint Jacques, attenant la Fontaine S. Severin a rimage Saint Jerome. M.DC.XCI. 3 vols. 12o.

This work, in which there is reason to believe that the Count de Frontenac had a hand, is generally pretty well written, al- though there is a prevalent strain of declamation, which does not prepossess you in the author's favor. Father le Clercq touches on religious affairs, almost only in so far as the reli- gious of his order are concerned ; on the history of the colony, only where it relates to Count de Frontenac ; and on only those discoveries where his fellow-religious accompanied the Sieur de la Sale.

86 • HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Le Clekcq. Nodvelle Relation de la Ga9pesie. qui contient lks Mffiuiis & la Religion des Sauvages Qaspesiens Porte-Croix, adorateurs du Soleil, & d'autres Peuples de I'Amerique Septentrionale, dite le Canada. Dediee a Madame la Princosse d'Epinoy, par le Pure Chrestien le Clercq, Mis- gionnaire Recollet de la Province de Saint Antoine de Pade en Artois, & Gardien du Convent de Lens. A Paris, chez Amable Auroy, rue S. Jacques a I'image S. Jerome attenant la Fontaine S. Severin. 1091. 12o.

A desert coast, some small islands and fishing liarbors — In- dians who come and go from Acadia and its environs — such is Gaspesia and the Gaspesiaus, whom our author styles Porte Croix, on a false tradition ; and it is not wherewith to fill up a volume of six hundred pages with very interesting matter.

La Hontan. Nouveaux Voyages de Mk. le Baron de la Hontan da2s's l'Amerique ' • Septentrionale, qui contiennent une Relation des differens Peuples, qui

y habitent ; la nature de leur Gouvernement, leur Commerce, leur Coutumes, leur Religion, & leur maniere de faire la Guere. L'inttret des Fran(;ois & des Anglois dans le Commerce, qu'ils font avec ces Na- tions; I'avantage, que I'Angleterre peut retirer dans ce Pai's, etant en guerre avec la France. Le tout enrichi de Cartes & de figures. A la Haye, chez leg Fr^res I'Honore, Marchands Libraire. M.DCCIIL 12o.

MeJIOIRES de L'AMF.RIQnE SEPTENTRIONALE, CD LA SUITE DES VOYAGES

de Mr. le Baron de la Hontan : Qui contiennent la Description d'une grande etendiie de Pais do ce Continent, I'inti'ret des Frani;ois & des Anglois, leur Commerces, leur Navigations, les Mceurs & les Couttmies des Sauvages, &c. Avec un petit Dietionnaire de la Langue du Pais. Seconde edition, augmentee des conversations de I'auteur avec uu Sauvage distingue. A Amsterdam, chez Fran(;ois I'Honore. MDCCV 1 vol. 13o.

The author, although a man of family, was at first a soldier in Canada. He was then made an oflicer ; and, having been sent to Newfoundland as Lieutenant de Roy of Placentia, he quarrelled with the governor, was broken, and retired first to Portugal, then to Denmarli. The great liberty wliich lie gives his pen has contributed greatly to make his book read and sought with avidity wherever people were not sufficiently versed to know that the truth is there so confounded with tiie false, that it is necessary to be well versed in Canadian history to disentangle it, and that it consequently teaches the "well- informed nothing, and can only throw others into error. In fact, almost all tlie proper names are distorted, most of the

LIST OF AUTHORS. 87

facts disfisrured, and entire episodes are pure fiction ; such as, La Hon-

. . TAN.

for instance, the voyaa^e up Lonj,'- River, which is as fabulous as the island of Barataria, of which Sancho Panza was gov- ernor. Nevertheless, in France and elsewhere, most people have regarded these memoirs as the fruit of the travels of a gentleman who wrote badly, although quite lightly, and who had no religion, but who described pretty sincerely what he had seen. The consequence is, that the compilers of historical and geographical dictionaries have almost always followed and cited them in preference to more faithful memoirs, which they did not take pains to consult. The work was treated with more justice in Canada, where the author passes generally as a romancer.

In this edition is omitted the voyage to Portugal and Den- mark, in which the Baron de la Ilontan shows himself as bad a Frenchman as he is a Christian. His embarrassed and often barbarous style has also been retouched. Yet it is still far from being a well-written work. It is perhaps the conformity of style noted between this and Geudrevillc's Atlas, which has led to the belief that it passed through the hands of this rene- gade monk. The dictionary of the language of the country, announced in the title, as though there were only one language in Canada, is only a very poor vocabulary of the Algonquin language ; and the conversations with the Indian Adario are only an artifice of the author, who wished to give us his views on religion.

HlSTORLB SOCIET.^TIS JbSTJ PARS QUTNTA, ToMTTS POSTEEIOR AB ANNO JotlVENor.

Christi 1591, ad annum 1616. Auctore Josepho Juvencio, Societatis ejusdem Sacerdote. Romae. 1710. Folio.

In this work there is nothing bearing on my history, except the expedition of the Jesuits to Acadia and Pentagoet, in 1611. It is in book XV., at the end of which the author gives a brief notice of Canada and the Indians, drawn from the Jesuit Relations.

JOURNAI, HISTORIQDE DO DEENTEK VOYAGE, QUE FEU M. DE LA SALE FrT JoDTEL.

dana le Golfe de Mexiqiie, pour trouver I'embouchure & le cours de la Riviero de Missicipi, noniint' .-1 pri'Si'nt la Riviere de Saint Louis, qui traverse la Louisiane. Ou I'on voit I'Histoire tragique de s,i mort, it

88 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

JocTEL. plusieurs choses curieuses du nouveau monde, par MonsieuT Jontel,

lun des Compagnons de ce voyage, redige & mis en ordre, par Mon- sieur de Michel. A Paris, chez Estienne Robinot, Libraire, Quay & at- tenant la Porte des Grands Augustins, a I'Ange Gardien. MDCCXIII.

12o.

I saw Mr. Joutel at Rouen in 1723. He was a very upright man, and the only one of La Sale's party on whom that explorer could rely. Joutel accordingly rendered him important services. He complained that in retouching his work they had somewhat altered it ; but it does not appear that they made any essential changes.

Lettbes Lettres EDiFiAirrES et Cukietjses ecrittes des Missions Etrangeres Edifiantes. pg^j. quelques Missionnaires de la Compagnie de Jesus, vols. l>'o.

In the tenth volume (Paris, Jean Barbou, rue St. Jacques aux Cigognes, 1112), is a letter of Father Gabriel Maret, where- in he describes his voyage to Hudson's Bay, in 1694, with Mr. d'Iberville, and this letter contains several particulars as to those northern parts.

In the eleventh (Paris, Nicolas le Clerc, rue St. Jacques, ni5), is a letter of the same missionary, dated November 9, 1712, from the Illinois countrj'. It contains several details as to the settlement of the French, and the progress of Christianity among the Indians, a part of whom were then on the Missis- sippi.

In the twelfth (same, 1717), is a letter of Father le Cholenec, missionary among the Iroquois, on the life and sanctity of Catharine Tegahkouita, an Iroquois Virgin, surnamed la Bonne Catherine, whose tomb became renowned for a great number of miracles.

In the thirteenth (same, 1720), is another letter of Father le Cholenec, where this missionary relates the precious death of some Iroquois neophytes of both sexes, who endured the most frightful torments and shed their blood for Christ^

In the seventeenth (same, and le Mercier, fds, 1736), is a letter of Father Sebastian Kasle, written from the mission of Narantsoaak, where there is a curious detailed account of what passed between the English and the Abenaki Indians in regard to the treaty of Utrecht, down to the death of that missionary.

LIST OF AUTHORS. 89

who had alreadj' been killed by the Engli.sii when the letter LETTEto reached France. Another letter of Father de la Chasse, Su- anti-s. perior-General of the Missions of the Society of Jesus in New France, dated Quebec, October 29, 1124, and inserted in the same volume, gives the circumstances of this death.

The twentieth volume, issued by the same publishers in 1731, informs us, in the dedicatory epistle of Father du Halde, and in a letter of Father le Petit, Superior of the Jesuits in Louisiana, of the death of two Jesuit missionaries, massacred by the Yazoos and Natchez, with a great number of the French. Father le Petit also gives quite a detailed account of the Natchez tribe.

In the twenty-third (G. le Mercier, rue St. Jacques au Livre d'or, 1138), is a letter of Father Rasle, written some time before his death, where he relates several manners and customs of various Indian nations among whom he had lived.

Kecueil de Voyages au Nord, contenant divers Memoires TRks Votaoes au utiles au Commerce & a la Navigation. A Amsterdam, chez Jean lyivi^^Ji Frederic Bernard. 1715. 3 vols. 13o. Reprinted by the same, with an addition of five otlier volumes.

With regard to the subjects treated by me, we find in the third volume :

1. Relation de Terre Neuve tradtjite de l'Anglois de White, en-

ricMe d'une tres belle carte de Guillaume de I'lsle de tout rhemi- sphere septentrionale.

This relation is very instructive on the cod-fisheries, which constitute the sole wealth of Newfoundland. The writer then treats of Isle Eoyale, now called Gape Breton Island, but he does not seem well informed.

2. MEMOIRE TO0CHAHT TERBB NEUVE & LE GOLFE DE S. LaDRENT,

extrait des meilleurs Joumaux de Mer, par I'Auteur de la Relation precedente.

This memoir is also accompanied by a map, and is really only a routier, where the lay of the land seems exactly marked out.

The entire fifth volume bears on my history, but I have not derived much assistance from it. It comprises :

90 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

VoTAOEs 1. Relation DE LA LouisiANE, ou MicissiTi.

AD NoED.

Addressed to a lady bj' a naval oiBcer, a very honest man, who says little but what he saw or learned on the spot ; but he bad not time to inform himself thoroughly on the nature of the country, still less on the history of the colony.

2. Relation de la Loutslane, od du Micissipi, pak le Chevalier de

Tonti, Gouverneur du Fort de S. Louys aux Illinois.

This author was most capable of giving- us authentic memoirs on this colony, in founding which he labored beyond all others ; but he disavowed this relation, which would, in no sense, reflect credit upon him.

3. Voyage en xm Pats plus grand que l'Europe, &c.

I have already spoken of this work of Father Hennepin-.

* 4. Relation des voyages de Gosnold, Fringe et Gilbert a la Vir-

ginie en 1603 & 1603.

This is only a naval journal, which may be of some use to navigators.

5. Relation du Detroit & de la Bate d'Htjdson, A Monsieur * * par Monsieur Jert-mie.

I knew the author, a very honest man and skilful voyageur. It was he who, after the peace of Utrecht, delivered up to the English Fort Bourbon, or Port Nelson, in Hudson's Bay, which he had commanded for six years. His Relation is very instruc- tive, and judiciously written.

6. Les trois Navigations du Chevalier Martin Fkobishek.

This navigator was sent by Queen Elizabeth of England to discover a northern passage to Japan and China. To accom- plish it, he made, at great expense, three attempts, all without result beyond the discovery of some countries north of Hudson's Bay.

Lji Histoire de l'Amerkjue Septentrion.ale. DmSEE EN quatres PoTHKKiE. tomes. . . . par Mr. de BacqueviUe de la Potherie, ne a la Guadaloupe

dans I'Amerique Meridionale, Aide Major de la dite Isle. A Paris, cliez Jean Luc Nion, au jiremier Pavilion des quatre Nations, a Ste Monique et Franr;ois Didot, a I'entree du Quai des Augustins a la Bible d'or M.DCC.XXII. 4 vols. 12o. Plates.

LIST OF AUTHORS. 91

This work, written in the form of letters, except the second, La wliich is divided into chapters, contains quite undigested and ill-written material on a good portion of Canadian history. What the author relates as an eye-witness may be relied upon ; he seems sincere and unimpassioned, but as to other matters he has not been always well informed.

MCECTIS DES SaUV.VGES AmKMQD.\IN8 COMPAREES AUX MffiTTRS DES PUE- ^'"l"^"-

miers temps. Par le P. Lafitau de la Compagnie de Jesus. Ouvrage enrichi de figures en taille-douce. A Paris, cliez Saugrain I'aine & Cliarles Estienne Hoehereau. MDCCXXIV. 2 vols. 4o.

The next year the same work was very poorly reprinted in four volumes, 12o, at Rouen, by the same publishers. It con- tains many details on the manners, customs, and religion of the American Indians, especially those of Canada, whom the author knew more intimately, having been a missionary among the Iroquois. We have nothing more exact on this subject. The parallel between ancient nations and the Americans is very ingenious, and shows a great familiarity with antiquity.

Ensato Ckonologico paea la Historia general de la Florida. Con- Babcia.

1723. tiene los Descubrimientos, y principales sucesos, acaecidos en este Uran

Reino, a los Espanoles, Franceses, Suecos, Dinamarqueses, Ingleses, y

otras Naciones, entre si, y con los Indies : cuias Costumbres, Gcnios,

Idolatria, Govierno, Batallas, y Astucias, se retieren : y los Viages de

algunos Capitanes. y Pilotos, por el Mar de el Norte, a buscar Paso a

Oriente, a vnion de aquella Tierra, con Asia. Desde el aSo 1512 que

descubrio la Florida, Juan Ponce de Leon, hasta el de 1722. Escrito

por Don Gabriel de Cardenas Z Cano. Dedicado al Principe, nuestro

Seiior. Con Privilegio : En Madrid en la Oficina Real y a costa de

Nicolas Rodriguez Franco, Impresor de Libros. Aiio CIO.IO.CCXXIIJ.

Folio.

The author's name on the title-page is fictitious. The work is by D. Andre Gonzales de Barcia, of the Spanish Academy, Auditor of the Supreme Council of War, and President of the Chamber, one of the most learned men of Spain. As he com- prises under the name of Florida all the mainland and adjacent islands of North America, from the river Panuco, which bounds Mexico on the East, he relates year by year all lliat happened in those vast countries from 1512 to 1712, and conse(iucntly speaks of all the provinces of which I give the history.

'J2 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Salazae. ChRTSIS del EnSATO CrONOLOGICO PABA la HISTORIA GBMERAi DK LA

■ Florida, por un Forastero. En Alcala de Henares. 1725. 4o.

This is an unmeasured criticism on the preceding work. The author sometimes censures justly, but he seems piqued, and does not spare terms. This author, disguised under the name of " a Foreigner," is Don Joseph de Salazar, Knight of Santiago, of the Council of tlie King's Orders, Historiographer of Spain and the Indies.

Garcia. ORIGEN DE LOS InDIOS DE EL NUEVO MUNDO, E iNDLiS OCCIDENTALES,

1729 averiguado con discurso de opiniones, por el Padre presentado Fr. Gre-

gorio Garcia, de la Orden de Predicadores. Tratanse en este Libro varias cosas j puntos curiosos, tocantes a divereas Ciencias y Facultades, eon que se hace varia historia de mucho gusto para el ingenio y entendi- miento de Hombres agudog, y curiosos. Segunda Impresion. Enmendada y aiiadida de algunas opiniones, o cosas notables, en maior prueba de lo que contiene, con Tres Tablas niui piintuales de los Capitulos, de las Materias, y Autorcs, quo las tratan. Dirigido al Angelico Doct. Sto. Thomas de Aquino. Con Privilegio real. En Madrid, en la imprenta de Francisco Martinez Abad. Afio de 1729. Folio.

The work of Father Garcia, printed at Valencia, in Spain, in 1607, in 1 vol., 4to, becomes, with the additions of the editor, who is the author of the Eiisayo Cronoloflico para la Historia general de la Florida, a double column folio. All that has ever been imagined as to the origin of the Americans, and the man- ner in which this New World was peopled, is gathered here, and set forth with endless, but not always necessary, erudition.

Lenqlet DC METHODE pour ETUDIER L'HiSTORTE, AVEC UN CATALOGUE DBS PRINCI-

paux Historiens & des remarques sur la bonte de leurs Ouvrages, & sur le cboix des meilleurs editions, par M. I'Abbe Lenglet du Fresnoy. NouveUe edition, augmentee et oruee de Cartes geographiques. A Paris, cbez Pierre Gandouin, Quay des Augustins, a la BeUe Image 4 vols. 4o.

All that can be said of this work in regard to my subject is, that the author is any thing but familiar with the history of the New World, and those who have hitherto written of it.

Catesbt. The Natural Histort. &c. Histoire Naturelle de la Caroline, de

1731

la Floride & des Isles Bahamas, contonant les Desseins des Oi'seaux,

Aniniaux, PoisKOiis. Srri'ens, Insectes, & Plantcs: & en particulier des

arbres des Forets, nrbrisseaui et autres plantes, qui n'ont point ete

LIST OF AUTHORS. 93

di'crites jusqu' a present par les Auteurs, ou peu exactement desships, Catesbt. avec leur description en Francjois & en Anglois ; a quoi ou a ajoute des Observations but I'Air, le Sel et les Eaux ; avec des Remarques sur I'Agriculture, les Grains, les Legumes, les Racines, &c. Le tout est precede d'une Carte nouveUe & exacte des Pays, dont 11 s'agit, par M. Catesby, de la Societe Royale. Tome I. Londres, 1731, & se vend a Paris, chez Hippolyte Louis Querin, riie St. Jacques a St. Thomas.

A second volume appeared subsequently. The figures are all colored after nature. Most of the animals and plants men- tioned are found in New France or Louisiana.

Introduction a l'Histoire de l'Asie, de l'Afrique, & de l'Amkriqtie, La pour servir de suite a I'lntroduction a I'Histoire du Baron de Pufen- j, j, dorf par M. Bruzen la Martiniere, Gi'ographe de sa Majeste Catholique. A Amsterdam, chez Zacharie Chatelain. 1735. 2 vols. 12o. In the second volume of this continuation the author speaks with much precision and exactness of the discoveries and settlements of the French, English, Dutch, Swedes, and Danes on the islands and mainland of North America. He is, never- theless, rather brief on the history of New France. Nor has he followed the best memoirs on the discovery of the Mississippi and the English settlements north of Canada, especially in Hudson's Bay.

METHODB PODE ETUDIBR la GEOGRAPHIB, ou L'ON DONNE UNE DESCRIP- Lenolet DO

tion exacte de I'Univers, formee sur les observations de I'Academie kesnoy. Roi'ale des Sciences, avec un Discours preliminaire sur I'etude de cette science, & un catalogue des Cartes geograpliiques, des relations, vo'iages, & descriptions les plus necessaires pour la Qeographie. Par M. I'Abbe Lenglet du Fresnoy. 2nde edition. A Paris, chez RoUin fils & de Bnre I'aine, Quay des Augustins. 1736. 5 vols. 12o. The execution of this work is far from meeting the promises paraded on the title, or the judicious reflections of the author in his preliminary discourse. The Abbe Lenglet du Fresnoy seems not to have even read the books on the history of the New World which he cites, nor is he always happy in the choice of those he does cite.

Epitome de la Bibliotheca Oriental y Occidental, NAtmcA r geographica de D. Antonio de Leon Pinelo, del Consejo de su Magestad en la Casa de la Contractation de Sevilla, y Coronista Mayor de las Indias, aiiadido y enmendado nuevanumto, &c. Madrid, Francisco Mar- tinez Abad. Calle del Olivo baxo. 1737. 2 vols. Folio, of three columns

94 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Leon The epitome of Don Antonio de Leon Pinelo was printed at

Baboia. Madrid, in quarto, in 1629. In his preface he declared it to be

^^^^' only an abridgment of a larger work, which he promised to give the public, and in which he proposed to give his views fully on all authors who have written on the Indies. The im- portant aflairs in which he was subsequently engaged apj5a- rently prevented the execution of his plan, and it was carried out only in 1731 by the learned and untiring Don Andre Gon- zales de Barcia, except the criticism on the authors, which he did not attempt. It is astonishing that omitting this branch, the work should have grown so in his hands ; but he might have spared himself at least three-fourths of the labor bestowed, by confining himself to printed or manuscript works, that one would expect to find in such a bibliotheca, omitting the word epitome, which is misapplied here. Otherwise, however, there is much system in it. The authors are easy to find in the in- dexes, and ranged in the body of the work under the countries of which they have spoken, but the proper names are often dis- figured.

LengLET DD PriSCIPES de L'HiSTOrRE POUR L'BDUCATION par ANNEE8 & PAR LEQONS,

1736-39. P^'' ^^- I'Abbi- Lenglet du Fresnoy. 6 vols. 12o. 1st year, at Paris,

Musier Pere, Quay des Augustins a I'Olivier, 1736; 2d and 3d yea», same, 2 vols., 1737; 4th year, RoUin Fils, Quay des Augustins a St. Athanase, 1737; 5th year, de Bure I'aine, Quay des Augustins a St. Paul, 1737. 6th year, same, 1739.

These are pretty fair abridgments of history, but for my work I found nothing in them. The author falls into fewer faults as to America, because he scarcely speaks of it, even in the last volume, which treats of ecclesiastical historj', for which, never- theless, the New World furnished sufficiently ample matter.

Nicolas [Mbmoires SUB LEs MoBURS, Coustumes et Eelligion des Sauvaoes Perbot. do I'Amerique Septentrionale, par Nicolas Perrot, publie pour la

premiere fois, par le R. P. J. Taliban, de la Compagnie de Jesus. Leip- zig & Paris. Librairie A. Franck. Albert L. Herold, 1864. 12o, 341 pp.]

I have also profited by two manuscripts, the first of which was furnished to me by Mr. Begon, Intendant at Havre, when he was Intendant of New France. It is by a voyageur of Canada, Nicholas Perrot, who long traversed almost all New

LIST OF AUTHORS. 95

France, and was often employed by the Governors-General, Pesioaot. from his skill in managing the minds of the Indians, almost all of whose dialects he spoke, and whose customs he had care- fully studied. He was, moreover, a man of much ability.

The other I received from M. d'Artaguette, who was Com- iflissaire Ordonnatour of Louisiana, and who had it from a man named Penicaut, who lived twenty years in the country, and was travelling all the time. He was a man of sense, who acquired great credit among most of the Indians of the continent, and who rendered important services to the colony. I found in both these manuscripts much light that I had sought in vain in printed works.

There would, however, have been many a hiatus in my his- tory if I had not found wherewith to supply them in the original documents preserved at the Depot de la Marine, the custody of which was confided to the late M. de Clerambaut, Genealogist of the King's Orders. They have been of great use to me also as guides, to enable me to follow more surely a true path, when the authors whom I consulted were in danger of misleading me. All the documents arc not indeed of equal authenticity ; but by reading them attentively, and confronting them with each other, you can easily find what to follow. Of a very great number it is impossible to dispute the authority ; such are, especially, the letters which the Chevalier de Callieres wrote regularly every year to the Ministers, at the time when he was Governor of Montreal, and after he was invested with the general government of New France. In them we see an intel- ligent, sincere, impartial ofBcer, aiming solely at what is right, and we generally find there light to clear doubts that arise in reading the dispatches of gfivernors and intcndants, which very seldom harmonize. These same dispatches, especially those of the first governors, of Penonville, Frontenac, Vaudreuil, Cham- pigni, Beauharnois, Raudot, and Bcgon, are, moreover, the real source whence I have drawn all that concerns the political and military government of New France ; and I can say, in propor- tion, the same of particular commandants, and of those who have directed Louisiana since it was made a distinct govern- ment.

96 HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE.

Arohites The D6pot of Plans of the Marine has not been less useful to v^ Maeine. nie in the geographical part of my work. It was indeed the more necessary, as I could not have found elsewhere aught to supply it. The reader may judge of the treasures contained in this depot by the great number of maps and plans which enrich this work. I am indebted for what I have drawn from both first to the Count de Maurepas, who permitted my investigation of them ; then to Mr. de Clerambaut, in charge of the former ; and the Chevalier d'Albert, director of the latter. The public will understand as well as myself, that all the treasures of the latter required to be put in order by a skilful hand, like that of Mr. Bellin, chief-engineer at this depot.

CONTENTS.

BOOK I.

Plan of the work. Discovery of Newfoundland. First voyage of the French to America. First voyage of Verrazani. His second voyage. His first landing. Singular adventure of one of his sailora. Verrazani perishea in a third voyage. Ignorance of the circum- stances. First voyage of Jacques Cartier. He returns to France. His second voyage. Description of Port St. Nicholas. Origin of the name of St. Lawrence, home by the gulf and river of Canada. Isle Anticosti and the Saguenay. Isle Orleans. Eiver St. Croix, or Jacques Cartier. Island of Montreal. The village of Hochelaga. Eeception which the French met there. Cartier visits the mountain which stands on that island. Origin of the name of Montreal. Scurvy carries off a part of the French. The account of Canada given to Francis I. by Cartier. Opinion of his memoirs. Canada is neglected in France. Remarks on some passages in Cartier's memoirs. Black men in the northern parts of Canada. The pigmies of Newfoundland. The inhabitants north of Hudson's Bay ; their mode of navigation resembling that of the Esquimaux. What an Esquimaux woman, a slave, related of some monstrous men. Mr. de Eoberval is appointed Viceroy of Canada. His first voyage to that country. His second voyage. His last voyage, in which he and his brother perish. Expedition to Brazil, and the c.iuse of its failure. Adniir.il Coligni attempts to establish a French Protestant colony in Florida. Extent of that country. Mr. de Eibaut leader of the expedition. lie takes possession of French Florida. His discoveries. He builds a fort. Description of French Florida. Where the wealth of the Floridians came from. Character of these tribes. Their religion and manners. Honor:! paid to their chiefs. The ministers of their religion. Animals found in the country. Trees peculiar to it. Sassafras. Simples. Kibaut returns to France. Singular feast of the Floridians. Misconduct of Captain Albert, commandant in Florida during Kibaut's ab- sence. Killed by his own people. Extremity to which the colony is reduced. The settlers embark to return to France. Thoy eat one of the party. What became of them. New expedition to Florida. Laudonniere arrives in Florida. Veneration of the Indians for the arms of France. Laudonniere explores the country around the Kiver May. Beauty of the country. The French allow themselves to be persuaded that there are mines in Florida. They imprudently plunge into war. They continue to explore the country. They deliberate on the site of the colony. Fort Caroline. Error of historians and geographers on this point. Description of Caroline. Conduct of the Indians towards the French.

BOOK II.

New discoveries in Freneli Florida. Strange custom of the Indians, Laudoimicre refuses to accompany an Indian chief in war. Ceremony of the Floridians before setting out on tho war path. Victory of Saluriova. What passed between him and Laudon]nere as to tlis Vol,. I.— 7

98 CONTENTS.

prisoner3 held by the latter. Extraordinary thunder, and it3 effects. Ideas of the Indians. Lhudoiiniere profits by them. Erlach, with ten Frenchmen, enables a chief to gain a great victory. Sedition at Caroline. Firmness of Laudonniere. Several of the French disap- pear. The mutineers wish to go on a piratical cruise. They force Laudonniere to sign a commission. They separate. Some are lost. The others take some prizes. What hap- pens at Jamaica. Some return to Caroline. Punishment of the most guilty. New dis- coveries. Adventure of two Spaniards. .Various notices as to the inhabitants of the Cape of Florida. Laudonniere makes peace among the Indians ; his precautions : he fortifies his position. New discoveries. War renewed among the Indians. Laudonniere sends aid to an allied chief. Victory gained by the chief by means of the French. The colony re- duced to extremity by famine. Violent advice given to Laudonniere. Its consequences. The English arrive in Florida : what took place between them and the French. Ribaut arrives in Florida. Motives of his voyage. Heads of accusation against Laudonniere. Dangers encountered by the fleet before reaching Florida. Laudonniere wishes to return to France. Kibaut's reception by the Indians, and their proposals. A Spanish squadron arrives in sight of the French. Character of the commander. Object of his voyage. The conditions under which he treats with his royal master. Intelligence reaches Madrid of the preparation of re-onforcements for Florida in France. Resolution adopted. Departure of General Menendez : condition of his forces. His fleet is dispersed. He deliberates as to his course. He discovers Florida. Gets tidings of the French. Calls Riviere des Dauphins, St. Augustine. Resolves to attack the French vessels. What occurred between them. He attacks the French ships, which escape from him, and retires to St. Augustine River. Council of war held at Caroline, and its determination. Ribaut proposes another. His obstinacy, although he is alone in his opinion. He embarks in search of the Span- iards. Menendez takes possession of St. Augustine River. The French are surprised by a furious storm at the moment when the Spaniards could not escape them. Address of Meuendez to liis officers. His plan for attacking Caroline. His troops mutiny ; his resolve. Seditious conduct of one of his captains. Menendez marches towards Caroline. Suffer- ings of his army on the march. He consults his officers as to his course. Reply of some. His advice is to attack Caroline. His advice is approved. He prepares to attack it. Con- dition of the place. It is surprised. What happens to three French ships anchored before Caroline. What befeU. Laudonniere after the capture of his fort. Misconduct of young Ribaut. Laudonniere arrives in France. The Spaniards hang several of the French. Caroline is niuned San Mateo. Menendez returns to St. Augustine. He is received there in triumph. Fire at San Mateo. The ship Sun Pelayo taken by the French. Menendez receives unwelcome intelligence of his fleet. Shipwreck of Ribaut. Contradiction between the historians of the two nations. Singular adventure of a sailor. Spanish account of what happened after Ribaut's shipwreck. Indifference of the Court as to the transactions in Florida. Who was the Chevalier de Gourgues ! His early adventures. He prepares to drive the Spaniards out of Florida. His departure from France. Arrival in Cuba. Ad- dress to hia men. Reaches Florida. Disposition in which he finds the Indians. League concluded between them and the Frencli. Preparations to attack San Mateo. March on the first fort. Its capture. Exploit of an Indian. The second fort is abandoned on the approach of the Indians. Preparations to attack San Mateo. March on the place. Its capture. Rooty found there. The prisoners are liung. Label put up at the place of their execution. Reflections on this conduct. Florida evacuated by the French. The Chevalier de Gourgues arrives in France. In danger of being carried off by the Spaniards. Obliged to remain concealed. His death.

CONTENTS. 99

BOOK III.

Attempt of tlie Marquis de la Ko'che to settle Canada, of which he had been appointed vice- roy. His commission. Failure. Description of Sable Island, where he landed. His errors. Chauviu succeeds him. His voyages and mistakes. The Commander de Cliatte succeeds him, and forms a company. He dies soon after. First voyage of de Champlain to Canada. De Monts acquires the rights of Commander de Chatte. Goes to Acadia. Description of the country. Wretched settlement on Isle de Salute Croix. Ilardsliips experienced there. De Monts transports his colony to Port Royal. Description of tli;it port, of the Bay of Fundy, and St. Jolin's River. Singular tree. Port Royal granted to Poutrincourt. De Monts loses his exclusive privilege. Extremity to which tlie colony is reduced. Seasonable relief. Faults and misfortunes of de Monts. Description of Port Canso. De Monts retrieves himself somewhat. Foundation of Quebec. Henry IV. wishes Jesuits sent to Acadia. Opposition to this order. Two Jesuits arrive at Port Royal. Character, manners, and customs of the Indians of Acadia. Their ill-treatment by some of the French. Pride of the chiefs. Abundance of every thing in Acadia. History of Mambertou, one of tlieir chiefs. He is baptized. Falls sick. The mission- aries embarrassed. His edifying death. Father Biart visits the Canibas, or Abnakis. Ridiculous idea of an Indian. What retarded the progress of the Gospel. A new settle- ment projected. The missionaries leave Port Royal and make a new settlement, called St. Sauveur. Description of Pentagoet. Observations on the timber of these countries. Situation of St. Sauveur. Extravagant customs of the Malecites, Indians of these cantons. A dying child restored by means of baptism. Eleven English ships at Pentagoet. They seize St. Sauveur. Villany of the commanduut. What became of the French of St. Sauveur after the capture of the post. The English commander acknowledges his vil- lany to save the life of the French. He seizes Port Royal. Various adventures of the French settlers of St. Sauveur. Noble conduct of three Jesuits. How they are received in England. Faults committed by all concerned in the settlement of Acadia.

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BOOK I.

HISTORY

GENEEAL DESCRIPTION

NEW FEANOE:

WHEREEN "WILL BE FOTTyD

ALL THAT RELATES TO THE DISCOVERIES AND CONQUESTS OF THE FRENCH IN NORTH AMERICA.

BOOK I.

Men speak so differently among us of the settlements pun of the which we have made at different times in North America, that I have been led to believe that I would please the public, as well as render a service to my native country, if to the observations made by me in traversing those vast countries, where